存内计算(CIM,Computing in Memory)是一种为缓解“内存墙”和“功耗墙”而出现的新兴架构。因CPU处理器和存储器速度发展不均衡性,冯·诺依曼架构这类中央处理器与存储器分离的结构逐渐失去其优越性。存内计算提出以计算和存储相...存内计算(CIM,Computing in Memory)是一种为缓解“内存墙”和“功耗墙”而出现的新兴架构。因CPU处理器和存储器速度发展不均衡性,冯·诺依曼架构这类中央处理器与存储器分离的结构逐渐失去其优越性。存内计算提出以计算和存储相结合的方式来减少数据的搬移,极大地提升了计算效率。MRAM作为最有潜力的新一代非易失存储器件,被视为构建高效存内计算架构的有力候选者。以MRAM为基础构建的存内计算根据计算过程的不同可分为MRAM模拟存内计算和MRAM数字存内计算。数字存内计算又可以根据数字逻辑产生的方式分为MRAM写入式存内计算、MRAM读取式存内计算以及MRAM近存计算。MRAM模拟存内计算利用高并行度摊销能耗,在单位面积上,吞吐量和能效都具有数字存内计算无法比拟的优势,但也因其易受PVT影响等特征在实际应用中有所限制。MRAM数字存内计算实现方式多样,写入式存内计算几乎消除了存储器外的数据搬移,虽然当前工艺下的MRAM所需的翻转能耗和时延过大,导致该方式一直停留在仿真阶段,但不妨碍该存内计算是缓解“内存墙”最有效的手段之一;读取式存内计算严重依赖于读取放大器的功能设计,在相关领域有所发展,但所受限制较大;近存计算是当前MRAM非易失器件和CMOS电路在计算速度和计算能效差异较大的情况下,融合两者优势的优解,在实际应用中具有巨大的益处。展开更多
In this paper,a typical experiment is carried out based on a high-resolution air-sea coupled model,namely,the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport(COAWST)model,on both heterogeneous many-core(SW)and homoge...In this paper,a typical experiment is carried out based on a high-resolution air-sea coupled model,namely,the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport(COAWST)model,on both heterogeneous many-core(SW)and homogenous multicore(Intel)supercomputing platforms.We construct a hindcast of Typhoon Lekima on both the SW and Intel platforms,compare the simulation results between these two platforms and compare the key elements of the atmospheric and ocean modules to reanalysis data.The comparative experiment in this typhoon case indicates that the domestic many-core computing platform and general cluster yield almost no differences in the simulated typhoon path and intensity,and the differences in surface pressure(PSFC)in the WRF model and sea surface temperature(SST)in the short-range forecast are very small,whereas a major difference can be identified at high latitudes after the first 10 days.Further heat budget analysis verifies that the differences in SST after 10 days are mainly caused by shortwave radiation variations,as influenced by subsequently generated typhoons in the system.These typhoons generated in the hindcast after the first 10 days attain obviously different trajectories between the two platforms.展开更多
文摘存内计算(CIM,Computing in Memory)是一种为缓解“内存墙”和“功耗墙”而出现的新兴架构。因CPU处理器和存储器速度发展不均衡性,冯·诺依曼架构这类中央处理器与存储器分离的结构逐渐失去其优越性。存内计算提出以计算和存储相结合的方式来减少数据的搬移,极大地提升了计算效率。MRAM作为最有潜力的新一代非易失存储器件,被视为构建高效存内计算架构的有力候选者。以MRAM为基础构建的存内计算根据计算过程的不同可分为MRAM模拟存内计算和MRAM数字存内计算。数字存内计算又可以根据数字逻辑产生的方式分为MRAM写入式存内计算、MRAM读取式存内计算以及MRAM近存计算。MRAM模拟存内计算利用高并行度摊销能耗,在单位面积上,吞吐量和能效都具有数字存内计算无法比拟的优势,但也因其易受PVT影响等特征在实际应用中有所限制。MRAM数字存内计算实现方式多样,写入式存内计算几乎消除了存储器外的数据搬移,虽然当前工艺下的MRAM所需的翻转能耗和时延过大,导致该方式一直停留在仿真阶段,但不妨碍该存内计算是缓解“内存墙”最有效的手段之一;读取式存内计算严重依赖于读取放大器的功能设计,在相关领域有所发展,但所受限制较大;近存计算是当前MRAM非易失器件和CMOS电路在计算速度和计算能效差异较大的情况下,融合两者优势的优解,在实际应用中具有巨大的益处。
基金This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFB0201100)Additionally,this work is supported by the National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Major Project of the Aoshan Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.2018ASKJ01-04)the Open Fundation of Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Simulation,Ministry of Natural Resources(No.2021-YB-02).
文摘In this paper,a typical experiment is carried out based on a high-resolution air-sea coupled model,namely,the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport(COAWST)model,on both heterogeneous many-core(SW)and homogenous multicore(Intel)supercomputing platforms.We construct a hindcast of Typhoon Lekima on both the SW and Intel platforms,compare the simulation results between these two platforms and compare the key elements of the atmospheric and ocean modules to reanalysis data.The comparative experiment in this typhoon case indicates that the domestic many-core computing platform and general cluster yield almost no differences in the simulated typhoon path and intensity,and the differences in surface pressure(PSFC)in the WRF model and sea surface temperature(SST)in the short-range forecast are very small,whereas a major difference can be identified at high latitudes after the first 10 days.Further heat budget analysis verifies that the differences in SST after 10 days are mainly caused by shortwave radiation variations,as influenced by subsequently generated typhoons in the system.These typhoons generated in the hindcast after the first 10 days attain obviously different trajectories between the two platforms.
