混合式教学在《中医基础理论》课程教学改革中的探索

《中医基础理论》是中医药高等学校中医类专业学生入学后所学的第一门专业基础课程,其教学质量和学习效果将直接影响学生中医思维的养成。随着中医药发展战略规划纲要(2016—2030年)的出台,培养新时代具有传承与创新能力的中医药人才成为中医药高等教育的重要目标。本文结合课堂教学实践经验探索在《中医基础理论》课程教学改革中运用混合式教学方法以增强教学效果,培养学生的传承与创新能力。

虚拟仿真技术在中药不良反应重现实验教学的应用

由于中药具有治疗作用及不良反应的双重属性,使得临床用药施方还须遵循安全原则。囿于医学伦理,中药使用及效果不可能在患者身上真实体现。借助线上虚拟实验平台,通过虚拟仿真患者,以古今名医实际医案及具有独立知识产权的文献、临床、科研成果为底本建构项目。通过虚拟仿真患者,结合错误用药结果、不良反应分析及应对处理,通过理论与实验融合的教育教学活动,成功地将中医药专业理论、技能训练与德育培养(社会责任、职业道德、医学伦理等)植入实验教学项目。

漂浮型铜藻与养殖裙带菜的光合作用、生长和物质积累的差异及其在两种藻竞争中的作用

近年来,由漂浮型铜藻(Sargassum horneri)频繁引发的金潮对东海、黄海沿岸的经济海藻养殖造成了巨大威胁。本研究针对3个生长阶段的裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)和同期出现的铜藻,测定二者在不同温度和不同光照强度下的光合速率;本研究设计了温度、光照和培养模式这3个因素:温度1月为5℃,4月为10℃,10月为15和20℃;光照为30、90和180μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);培养模式为单养和混养;研究这些因素对藻体的特定生长率(SGR)、碳氮含量和叶绿素含量的影响。研究表明,裙带菜的光合速率在10月高于铜藻,在1月与铜藻持平,在4月低于铜藻。经过12 d的培养,1月裙带菜的SGR略低于铜藻,在低光和高光处理组中,裙带菜单养优于混养;4月裙带菜的SGR均低于铜藻,且铜藻单养的SGR均优于混养;10月裙带菜的SGR均高于铜藻,且在部分处理组中,混养的SGR优于单养。研究结果表明,相同环境条件下,裙带菜在幼苗期(10月)比铜藻更具生长优势,在快速生长期(1月)二者相差不大,在成熟期(4月)生长劣于铜藻。大部分条件下铜藻体内的氮含量和叶绿素含量均高于裙带菜。在实验过程中铜藻比裙带菜更具生长优势,且在自然条件下裙带菜的生长环境劣于漂浮型铜藻,因此本研究判断漂浮型铜藻对裙带菜养殖会造成负面影响。

Growth and Resource Accumulation of Drifting Sargassum horneri(Fucales, Phaeophyta) in Response to Temperature and Nitrogen Supply

The abnormal increase of drifting brown alga Sargassum horneri was initially documented in 2007.It formed blooms along the coast of East China Sea and Yellow Sea in 2017.In this study,we investigated the changes of specific growth rate and resource accumulation of drifting S.horneri in response to temperature and nitrogen richness at different growth stages under laboratory condition.The investigation lasted from June 2015 to April 2016 with the observation made every two months.The results showed that the life cycle consists of a few growth stages dividable with morphological characteristics.The growth can be divided into shedding and withering(August),rapid growing(October to September),slow growing(February),rapid growing(April)and maturation(June)stages.Under the experimental condition,algal segments were found to grow at temperatures ranging from 5 to 25℃in 12 days even when nitrogen is deficient.A significant difference in the special growth rate(SGR)between nitrogen-enriched and nitrogen-removed treatments was found in most months(P<0.05).SGR was lower in August and February than that in other months.Nitrogen and chlorophyll contents in algal segments were different among different temperatures,nitrogen supply and seasons.Nitrogen content was higher in February and April than that in other months in both nitrogen-enriched and nitrogen-removed treatments.The results showed that the demand of S.horneri for nitrogen increased in spring when it grows fast.It is likely that the high temperature and nitrogen concentration in winter and spring lead to the high biomass accumulation of drifting S.horneri.

The Brown Algae Saccharina japonica and Sargassum horneri Exhibit Species-Specific Responses to Synergistic Stress of Ocean Acidification and Eutrophication

Ocean acidification and eutrophication are two important environmental stressors.They inevitably impact marine macroalgae,and hence the coastal ecosystem of China.Saccharina japonica,as the main culture species in China,is suffering the harmful golden tide caused by Sargassum horneri.However,it remains unclear whether the detrimental effects of S.horneri on S.japonica cultivation become more severe in future acidified and eutrophic scenario.In this study,we respectively investigated the effects of pCO_(2)(400μatm and 1000μatm)and nutrients(non-enriched and enriched seawater)on the growth,photosynthesis,respiration,chlorophyll contents,and tissue nitrogen of S.japonica and S.horneri.Results indicated that enrichment of nutrients contributed S.horneri to utilize HCO_(3)^(−).The carbon acquisition pathway shifted from HCO_(3)^(−)to CO_(2) in S.japonica,while S.horneri re-mained using HCO_(3)^(−)regulated by nutrient enrichment.S.horneri exhibited better photosynthetic traits than S.japonica,with a higher level of net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents at elevated pCO_(2) and enriched nutrients.Tissue nitrogen also accumulated richly in the thalli of S.horneri under higher pCO_(2) and nutrients.Significant enhancement in growth was only detected in S.horneri under synergistic stress.Together,S.horneri showed competitive dominance in current study.These findings suggest that increasing risk of golden tide in acidified and eutrophic ocean can most likely result in great damage to S.japonica cultivation.

Nutrient Enrichment Regulates the Growth and Physiological Responses of Saccharina japonica to Ocean Acidification

Environmental changes,such as ocean acidification and eutrophication,have created threats to kelp mariculture.In this study,the growth,photosynthesis,respiration and nutrient composition of Saccharina japonica were evaluated at different levels of pCO2(400 and 800μL L−1)and nutrients(nutrient-enriched and non-enriched seawater).Elevated pCO2 decreased the relative growth rate(RGR),net photosynthetic rate and contents of tissue carbon and tissue nitrogen under non-enriched nutrient conditions,but it had no significant effect on these parameters under nutrient-enriched conditions.The dark respiration rate was positively affected by elevated pCO2 regardless of the nutrient conditions.However,the C:N was unaffected by elevated pCO2 at both nutrient levels.These results implied that ocean acidification could reduce the production and nutrient contents in the tissues of S.japonica,which was associated with nutrient conditions.

思维能力培养导向的“四课堂”联动中药学课程建设改革探索

立足新时代中医药人才培养要求,突破传统课堂窠臼,对中药学课程教学改革开展积极探索与实践,创建并运行面向临床的辨证用药思维能力提升的平台及情境,成功构建传统课堂教学-校内外实践体验-课外活动与竞赛-在线网络学习的“四课堂”联动课程模式。从“四课堂”联动模式带动学生思维能力提升的背景、理论基础与设计思路、落实与建设、实施方案及案例、主要特点、课程改革成效等方面进行了阐释。

曹妃甸海域理化环境及营养现状研究

于2011年5月~2012年4月对曹妃甸海域的温度、盐度、透明度、溶解氧、化学需氧量、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、氨氮、活性磷酸盐、总氮、总磷、叶绿素-a、叶绿素-b、油类等理化因子和营养指标进行调查,根据调查结果进行分析,揭示了该海域理化因子的时空变化规律,对海域的营养状况进行评价,为曹妃甸海域生态系统的研究积累基础资料。结果表明,调查期间该海域溶解氧含量平均值为7.93mg/L,变化范围为3.64~11.08mg/L;化学需氧量含量平均值为1.03mg/L,变化范围为0.25~3.05mg/L;无机氮含量平均值为1.24mg/L,变化范围为0.02~6.05mg/L;活性磷酸盐含量平均值为1.75×10^(-2) mg/L,变化范围为0.10×10^(-2)~5.72×10^(-2) mg/L;叶绿素-a含量的平均值为5.60μg/L,变化范围为0.49~31.17μg/L;叶绿素-b含量的平均值为1.67μg/L,变化范围为0.31~6.81μg/L;油类含量的平均值为0.119mg/L,变化范围为0.000~0.680mg/L。N:P值均大于16,属于磷限制性海域;根据潜在富营养化评价模式,营养状态质量指数法评价模式,为磷限制潜在性富营养(ⅥP)且为富营养化水平;而通过有机污染指数计算结果来看,有机污染为中度污染。