基于模糊聚类循环迭代模型的陕西省农业干旱风险评估与区划

为了加强陕西省农业干旱风险评估和应急管理能力,以10个地级市为研究对象,选择表征农业干旱风险的危害性、暴露性、脆弱性和抗旱能力等方面的17个代表性指标,建立了具有区域适用性的农业干旱风险评价指标体系;基于模糊聚类循环迭代方法构建了农业干旱风险评估模型,并结合GIS技术,对陕西省农业干旱风险进行评估和区划研究。结果表明:全省农业干旱风险具有明显的区域差异性和规律性,极严重-严重干旱风险区主要分布在榆林、渭南、商洛地区;中度干旱风险区主要分布在延安、宝鸡和咸阳地区;一般-轻度干旱风险区主要分布在铜川、安康、西安和汉中地区,农业干旱风险总体呈北部地区大于南部地区,关中东部地区高于西部地区的特点。依据研究结果,为管理部门决策制定提出了不同风险区抗旱减灾措施建议。

去电子水灌溉对冬小麦生长及其水分利用的影响

为探究去电子水灌溉对冬小麦生长及其水分利用的影响,选取关中平原典型灌区为研究区开展大田试验。以冬小麦"小偃22号"为供试作物,设置不同的灌水类型(普通水与去电子水)和灌溉量水平(60、120、180 mm与240 mm),分阶段对冬小麦的生长指标与光合指标进行测定,分析冬小麦的耗水特性、土壤水分变化状况及水分利用效率。结果表明,同一灌溉量水平(180 mm)下,与普通水灌溉相比,去电子水灌溉的冬小麦生长速率更快,同时耗水量较高,其籽粒产量与水分利用效率亦显著提高了17.8%与15.1%;与0 mm灌溉相比,去电子水灌溉的冬小麦增产46.9%,高于普通水灌溉处理(24.7%)。去电子水不同灌溉量处理中,灌溉量为180 mm时冬小麦的籽粒产量与水分利用效率均最高。因此,可以将去电子水灌溉180 mm作为关中平原冬小麦高效用水和高产的较优灌溉方案。

Wheat Grain Yield and Yield Stability in a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment on the Loess Plateau

To provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management, a 20-year fertility experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China to investigate the effects of long-term application of chemical fertilizers on wheat grain yield and yield stability on the Loess Plateau using regression and stability analysis. The experiment consisted of 17 fertilizer treatments, containing the combinations of different N and P levels, with three replications arranged in a randomized complete block design. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as urea, and P was applied as calcium superphosphate. Fertilizer rates had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Phosphorus, combined with N, increased yield significantly (P < 0.01). In the unfertilized control and the N or P sole application treatments, wheat yield had a declining trend although it was not statistically significant. Stability analysts combined with the trend analysis indicated that integrated use of fertilizer N and P was better than their sole application in increasing and sustaining the productivity of rainfed winter wheat.

Gully Impact on Soil Moisture in the Gully Bank

In order to preliminarily look at rules for soil moisture changes in the bank of the gully and to provide some recommendations for vegetative restoration in gully bank regions in the Loess Plateau, changes of soil moisture with depth and distance to the gully edge and their dynamic changes with time were observed to study the soil water characteristics in the bank of the gully. The results showed that soil water content increased with increasing distance from the gully edge, whereas for the same time period, the closer the distance to the gully wall, the greater the water loss; and that the influential distance of side evaporation decreased as depth increased.

An Analytical Solution for One-Dimensional Water Infiltration and Redistribution in Unsaturated Soil

Soil infiltration and redistribution are important processes in field water cycle, and it is necessary to develop a simple model to describe the processes. In this study, an algebraic solution for one-dimensional water infiltration and redistribution without evaporation in unsaturated soil was developed based on Richards equation. The algebraic solution had three parameters, namely, the saturated water conductivity, the comprehensive shape coefflcient of the soil water content distribution, and the soil suction allocation coefficient. To analyze the physical features of these parameters, a relationship between the Green-Ampt model and the algebraic solution was established. The three parameters were estimated based on experimental observations, whereas the soil water content and the water infiltration duration were calculated using the algebraic solution. The calculated soil water content and infiltration duration were compared with the experimental observations, and the results indicated that the algebraic solution accurately described the unsaturated soil water flow processes.

An Analytical Method for Relationship Between Hydraulic Diffusivity and Soil Sorptivity

A simple method was developed to relate soil sorptivity to hydraulic diffusivity and water absorption experiments were conducted utilizing one-dimensional horizontal soil columns to validate the relationship. In addition, an estimation method for hydraulic diffusivity with disc infiltrometer was developed. The results indicated a favorable fit of the theoretical relation to the experimental data. Also, the experiment with disc infiltrometer for estimating the diffusivity showed that the new method was feasible.

Effect of plough pans on the growth of soybean roots in the black-soil region of northeastern China

Plough pans （PPs）, common in the black-soil region of northeastern China, have significant effects on the root systems of crops. We conducted a field experiment to study the distribution of soybean roots under the influence of PPs. The soybean roots showed compensatory growth above the PP, with higher root length and weight in soil with a PP compared to those without a PP. Roots were heavier and longer in the 15-75 cm soil layer without a PP than with a PP. Soil porosity was lower in the PP and the soil below the PP, which likely decreased the oxygen content of the soil and induced more growth of roots above the PP. The PP is also likely to decrease infiltration of rain-water and hinder the migration of nitrate downward, which in turn increased the density and length of soybean root hairs, which, hence, promoted growth.

还林还草工程后榆林市NDVI时空变化趋势

还林还草工程实施以来,黄土高原植被得到了有效恢复。为了研究黄土高原地区的植被变化特征和未来发展趋势,利用趋势分析、标准差分析、Hurst指数等方法对榆林市2000—2017年MODIS NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)进行了分析。结果表明:18年来榆林市NDVI累计增长88.56%,年均增长率为4.92%;耕地、林地、草地和沙化土地上的NDVI均明显增加;随着时间的推移,不同高程和坡度下的NDVI增长迅速;NDVI和降水表现出显著正向相关;农产品在产量、牛羊存栏数、还林还草总面积与NDVI呈显著正相关,表明农业生产转型升级后,生态环境治理和农村经济达到了协调发展。Hurst指数预测结果表明,该地区目前还林还草工程已接近其承载潜力,但NDVI还有约10%的增长潜力,在未来极度干旱的年份,植被有干旱致死的威胁,NDVI存在减少的风险,主要集中在目前NDVI恢复较好的丘陵沟壑地区。在后退耕还林时代,水土资源的合理配置与植被建设相协调是实现该地区生态建设的重要任务。