果实膨大期不同施氮量对油桃产量和品质的影响

【目的】桃园施肥过量不仅导致资源浪费和环境问题,还会影响桃树的正常生长。在果实膨大期,果实体积和重量迅速增大,果实重量的增加占总果重的50%~70%,果实膨大期是影响果实着色和内在品质形成的关键期,探究此阶段适宜的施氮量,对降低氮肥施用量、提高果实产量和品质有重要意义。【方法】田间试验在北京市林业果树科学研究院果树生长良好的果园进行,试材为早熟油桃品种‘夏至早红’。设置0、100、200、400 kg/hm^24个氮(N)水平,即N0、N1、N2和N3处理。2016年供试氮肥1/2为普通尿素,1/2为15N丰度为5.18%的尿素;2017年供试氮肥均为普通尿素。氮肥在果实膨大期于桃树两侧沟施。在果实成熟期取样,调查桃单株果实产量、单果重、果实可溶性固形物、果实还原糖和总酸、叶片SPAD值、新梢长度、各器官Ndff值。【结果】桃单株果实产量和单果重在施氮量200 kg/hm^2(N2)处理下最高,与N3处理没有显著差异,二者单果重均显著高于N0和N1处理。随着施氮量的增加,果实可溶性固形物含量先上升后下降。果实还原糖和总酸含量与果实膨大期施氮量呈正相关。2016年6月8日之后,N2和N3处理叶片SPAD值显著高于N0和N1处理(除6月15日,N1与N2、N3处理无显著差异外)。2016年新梢长度随着施氮量的增加而增长,N3处理新梢长度显著高于其它3个处理;2017年N2和N3处理新梢长度显著高于N0和N1处理。随着施氮量的增加,叶片、枝条、果实的Ndff值均增加。【结论】适量施氮(N 200 kg/hm^2)能够提高果实产量,在此基础上再增加氮肥用量(N 400 kg/hm^2),增产效果不明显。果实膨大期施氮可促进于新生器官(新梢)的建成,高施氮量能够加快新梢生长。

Pollen development and multi-nucleate microspores of Populus bolleana Lauche

Populus bolleana is a variety of P. alba, commonly used in poplar breeding programs in China. Developmental biology that involves staminate flowers, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis ofP. bolleana is essential for Populus improvement in cross breeding for better characteristics in sexual reproduction. Flower morphology and pollen development were described and illustrated using anatomical, sectioning and stain-clearing techniques. The results show that microsporocytes undergo a regular meiotic process, but some multi-nucleate microspores occur at the microspore stage. It takes five days for microsporocytes to develop to mature pollen by forcing flower branches under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, an important relationship was found between stages of meiosis and anther colors. Microspore tetrads formed when the anther color turned yellow, whereas, when the pollen matured, the anther was red and the tapetum degenerated completely. When mature pollen grains are formed, flower buds develop into male catkins. In the end, filament elongated and pollen grains were released from dehisced anthers.

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the green-house. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards the tip and base of the bud. The number and size of the nucleoli varied during pollen development and at most eight nucleoli formed in each daughter nucleus at the meiotic telophase, suggesting a paleopolyploid origin of the genus Populus. An association between floral morphology and pollen development was found and the ratio of width to length of flower buds or catkins presented an S-shaped curve related to pollen development as a function of time. The investigation on the pollen development and floral morphology ofP. pseudo-simonii is important for further cross breeding programs of the section Tacamahaca.