偏压固结下碱渣土循环累积孔压及强度弱化规律研究

碱渣是氨碱法制纯碱时排出的固体废弃物,经适当的加固处理后作为工程填垫土可以有效解决占地和污染问题。碱渣土的力学性质不稳定,在循环荷载作用下强度会发生明显弱化,导致承载力大幅降低。以天津港地区回填碱渣土为研究对象,开展了系列动三轴试验,以固结围压、动应力比和偏压固结比为试验变量,研究了不同应力组合下碱渣土中循环累积孔压发展规律以及循环后碱渣土不排水强度演化规律。基于等效超固结模型,引入强度弱化系数β,建立了考虑偏压固结比和动应力比影响的碱渣土循环强度弱化模型;引入强度提升系数α,建立了考虑偏压固结过程和循环加载过程耦合影响的碱渣土强度演化模型,并通过试验数据验证了模型的正确性。

桶间距对四桶吸力式基础各单向承载力的影响及最优间距的确定

四桶吸力式基础由4个按正方形排列的吸力式桶形基础组成,并通过上部结构连成整体共同承受外部荷载,相比于单桶基础,四桶基础能承受更恶劣的海洋环境荷载,可作为海上风机和海洋平台等结构物的基础,具有广阔的应用前景。为探究饱和软土地基上四桶基础和单桶基础在承载力以及破坏模式方面的关系,优化四桶基础的设计,建立了大量的四桶和单桶基础的三维有限元模型,系统研究了不同基础埋深和土体剪切强度时桶间距对四桶基础各单向承载能力和对应的破坏模式的影响。结果表明,竖向承载力系数受桶间距影响较小,而水平承载力系数受其影响较大,力矩承载力系数受其影响尤为显著;在同一桶间距比时,四桶吸力式基础的各单向承载力系数随基础埋深比的增加逐渐增大,随土体剪切强度不均匀度指标的增大逐渐减小。通过分析四桶基础的各单向承载力、对应的破坏模式和群效应系数,定义了四桶基础的最优桶间距,可为四桶基础桶间距的优化设计提供依据。

氯盐环境下钢筋混凝土构件抗力的时变概率模型

氯盐环境下,钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性问题十分突出。其中,钢筋锈蚀、混凝土强度降低以及钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结性能退化是影响结构长期承载能力的最关键因素。在探讨钢筋混凝土构件长期承载力退化的过程中,大部分学者认为可采用结构的初始抗力与某一衰减函数之间的乘积来量化其抗力随时间的变化规律,结构抗力的概率分布的统计参数(均值、标准差)也相应的采用上述衰减函数进行拟合。事实上,均值和标准差随时间的变化规律并不相同,需要分别研究其各自的时变规律。文章将既有钢筋锈蚀、混凝土强度、钢筋混凝土粘结性时变模型中的主要影响参数(如:抗压强度、W/C等)均作为随机变量,提出了氯盐环境下钢筋混凝土结构抗力退化的随机模拟方法。基于该方法,对构件抗力概率分布的均值和标准差采用不同的时变函数进行拟合,建立了构件抗力的时变概率模型。以天津地区某高桩码头工程项目为例,通过上述随机模拟方法,计算得到了不同时刻下不同重要构件抗力的概率分布和统计参数。在此基础上,采用基于区段离散化思想的时变可靠度分析方法,评估了实例高桩码头中各重要构件在服役期内的时变可靠度。

基于强度折减法的格仓式圆筒围堰稳定性有限元分析

格仓式圆筒作为深厚软土地基上人工岛围堰主体结构,其在围堰内部填土、外部尚未抛石斜坡堤工况下作用荷载复杂,难以采用有限元加载系数法进行稳定性分析。结合工程算例,基于强度折减法建立格仓式圆筒围堰三维弹塑性有限元分析模型。建议了基于强度折减系数-位移(Fv-S)曲线突变点法失稳判别标准,得到格仓式圆筒失稳模式和稳定性安全系数。结果表明格仓式圆筒结构失稳模式为筒体倾覆破坏,稳定性安全系数随格体入土深度增加而增大,随水平荷载和后方堆载的增加而减小。研究成果可为格仓式圆筒围堰工程设计提供借鉴和参考。

强降雨入渗下临海软土开挖边坡稳定性分析

临海开挖工程地基土体较差,常需历经雨季,研究强降雨对边坡开挖稳定性的影响,对其边坡设计及防护具有重要意义。以某工程为例,采用雨水入渗模型,建立了非饱和软土边坡开挖渗流-应力耦合的有限元模型。经与野外现场监测数据、GEO-SLOPE极限平衡法计算结果相互对比,验证了模型的有效性。分别计算了无降雨和强降雨情况下的孔隙水压力、土体饱和度、边坡位移、塑性应变、安全系数等变化情况。研究结果表明:1)强降雨入渗下,边坡安全系数较大幅度减小,降低了边坡稳定性,是危险工况;2)强降雨作用下,竖向位移较小且变化不大,雨水对位移影响主要集中于水平位移变位,这是导致边坡局部开裂的重要原因;3)在降雨入渗区域,孔压会随着降雨强度的增大而增大,并趋向于饱和,从而使得浸润线往上移动。建议在开挖交界面处设置防渗土工布等措施进行防渗加固,减少雨水入渗影响。

高动应力水平下软粘土动力特性研究及应用

软粘土在受到不同应力水平动荷载作用时动力特性差异较大,在低水平动应力作用下土体强度呈现循环弱化并趋于稳定状态,在高水平动应力作用下土体强度会发生循环破坏,高、低动应力水平的临界值称为临界动应力。目前研究大多针对低水平动应力作用下土体强度循环弱化问题。针对烟台港淤泥质粉质粘土开展了一系列动三轴试验,探究淤泥质粉质粘土的临界动应力变化特性及土体在高水平动应力下的强度变化规律,研究了不同围压、不同固结静偏应力和不同超固结比条件下软粘土的动力特性。通过对动强度试验数据的统计分析,给出了土体临界动应力随固结围压的变化规律,得到了综合考虑循环次数、围压、静偏应力和超固结比的土体动强度模型。依据已有的低水平动应力下循环强度弱化模型和建立的高水平动应力下动强度模型,通过二次开发将其在ABAQUS软件中实现,建立了综合考虑不同动应力水平下土体强度循环弱化和循环破坏的有限元数值模型,并通过实例研究了土体强度循环破坏对地基承载力的影响。

考虑软土蠕变对强度影响的高桩码头岸坡时变可靠度分析

考虑软土蠕变导致的土体抗剪强度的衰减效应,建立了软土长期强度模型,用以量化由于土体蠕变导致的土体抗剪强度参数随时间的变化规律。将时变可靠度理论结合有限元强度折减法,提出了考虑软土蠕变对强度影响的高桩码头岸坡时变可靠度算法。采用拉丁超立方抽样方法来改进传统蒙特卡罗法的随机抽样过程,提高计算效率。针对某一岸坡实例,将采用本文算法计算得到的可靠度结果与其他算法评估的结果进行对比分析,验证本文算法的可靠性。最后以我国沿海某高桩码头岸坡为例,基于本文算法评估了该码头岸坡的时变可靠度,分析了岸坡稳定性的时变规律。文中提出的时变可靠度分析方法不仅可以为在役高桩码头岸坡的安全评估提供强有力的技术支撑,同时也能为一些新建工程项目提供一定的参考应用价值。

引气混凝土抗冻性及抗氯离子渗透性试验研究

冻融循环和氯离子侵蚀是造成寒冷地区暴露于海洋环境中的钢筋混凝土结构耐久性失效的主要原因。在混凝土中添加引气剂,可以改善混凝土的抗冻性,但引气剂的掺入也会对混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性产生影响。对含气量分别为0.8%、2.7%、4.5%、6.6%的混凝土试件开展冻融循环试验和模拟海洋潮汐环境中的氯离子自然扩散试验,研究含气量对混凝土抗冻性和抗氯离子渗透性的影响,分析了引气混凝土抗冻性和抗氯离子渗透性随含气量的变化规律,确定了使混凝土同时具有较好抗冻性和抗氯离子渗透性的含气量。

Simplified Calculation Methods for All-Vertical-Piled Wharf in Offshore Deep Water

All-vertical-piled wharf is a kind of high-piled wharf, but it is extremely different from the traditional ones in some aspects, such as the structural property, bearing characteristics, failure mechanism, and static or dynamic calculation methods. In this paper, the finite element method （FEM） and theoretical analysis method are combined to analyze the structural property, bearing behavior and failure mode of the all-vertical-piled wharf in offshore deep water, and to establish simplified calculation methods determining the horizontal static ultimate bearing capacity and the dynamic response for the all-vertical-piled wharf. Firstly, the bearing capability and failure mechanism for all-vertical-piled wharf are studied by use of FEM, and the failure criterion is put forward for all-vertical-piled wharf based on the ＇plastic hinge＇. According to the failure criterion and P-Y curve method, the simplified calculation method of the horizontal static ultimate bearing capacity for all-vertical-piled wharf is proposed, and it is verified that the simplified method is reasonable by comparison with the FEM. Secondly, the displacement dynamic magnification factor for the all-vertical-piled wharf under wave cyclic loads and ship impact loads is calculated by the FEM and the theory formula based on the single degree of freedom （SDOF） system. The results obtained by the two methods are in good agreement with each other, and the simplified calculation method of the displacement dynamic magnification factor for all-vertical-piled wharf under dynamic loads is proposed. Then the simplified calculation method determining the dynamic response for the all-vertical-piled wharf is proposed in combination with P-Y curve method. That is, the dynamic response of the structure can be obtained through the static calculation results of P-Y curve method multiplied by the displacement dynamic magnification factor. The feasibility of the simplified dynamic response method is verified by comparison with the FEM under different conditions.

Practical method and application study for predicting cyclic accumulative deformations of the saturated soft clay

The distribution of saturated soft clay is greatly wide in China. The current main measures adopted to deal with soft soil foundations may lead to environmental pollution, even some engineering accidents may happen on soft soil foundations. In order to solve engineering problems of saturated soft soil foundations well, researches of mechanical properties of them are necessary. One of the most important mechanical characteristics of saturated soft clay is its cyclic accumulative deformation under cyclic loadings. For saturated soft clay, the cyclic accumulative deformation is similar to the creep behavior under static loadings. Therefore, the cyclic accumulative deformation is equivalent to the creep, the number of loading cycles is seen as the time, and this study develops a practical method for predicting the cyclic accumulative deformation of saturated soft clay with the creep theory. The method is a pseudostatic elasto-plastic finite element method implemented by ABAQUS software. A fitted equation between cyclic accumulative strain and number of loading cycles and the empirical relationship of parameters of fitted equation were established with aseries of cyclic triaxial compression tests. Then with this empirical relationship of parameters, the method developed by this study was employed to predict the cyclic accumulative deformation under cyclic triaxial tension tests. Predicted results were in good agreement with test results, and the effectiveness of this method was thus validated for different stress states. The method was then applied in analyzing the cyclic accumulative deformation for soft soil foundation of a pile-supported wharf structure.

Optimal Stiffness for Flexible Connectors on A Mobile Offshore Base at Rough Sea States

This paper investigates a simplified method to determine the optimal stiffness of flexible connectors on a mobile offshore base(MOB) during the preliminary design stage. A three-module numerical model of an MOB was used as a case study. Numerous constraint forces and relative displacements for the connectors at rough sea states with different wave angles were utilized to determine the optimized stiffness of the flexible connectors. The range of optimal stiffnesses for the connectors was obtained based on the combination and intersection of the optimized stiffness results, and the implementation steps were elaborated in detail. The percentage reductions of the optimized and optimal stiffness of the flexible connector were determined to quantitatively evaluate the decreases of the constraint force and relative displacement of the connectors compared with those calculated by using the original range of the connector stiffnesses. The results indicate the accuracy and feasibility of this method for determining the optimal stiffness of the flexible connectors and demonstrate the rationality and practicability of the optimal stiffness results. The research ideas, calculation process, and solutions for the optimal stiffness of the flexible connectors of an MOB in this paper can provide valuable technical support for the design of the connectors in similar semisubmersible floating structures.

PRU株弓形虫感染家猫实验动物模型的建立

目的建立家猫弓形虫有性生殖实验动物模型,获取并纯化卵囊,为弓形虫相关研究奠定基础。方法将6只3月龄雄性华南本地家猫分为2组,实验组经口感染600个PRU株弓形虫包囊,对照组口服生理盐水。通过镜检猫的粪便,鉴定弓形虫卵囊的排放。将收集到的弓形虫卵囊以CsCl梯度离心法进行纯化,观察不同条件下卵囊的孢子化情况。用不同数量的孢子化卵囊感染KM小鼠,检测卵囊的感染活性。结果实验猫感染PRU株弓形虫后于第5d开始排出卵囊并持续至感染后第11~13d,排出的卵囊数为1.0亿~1.5亿个/只,以CsCl梯度离心方法纯化卵囊得率为20%。新鲜采集的卵囊孢子化率为95%。以100、50和10个孢子化卵囊的剂量感染小鼠,8~10d后的死亡率分别为100%,66.7%和0%。结论用PRU株弓形虫感染华南本地家猫,成功建立了弓形虫有性生殖实验动物模型,收集、纯化的卵囊易孢子化且具感染活性,为弓形虫感染的防治提供了基础。