1 Introduction The Qujiashan manganese deposit is located in the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block.It is an important part of Qinba area,which is one of the nine manganese ore prospecting area(Luo,2002).Much
文摘尿路上皮癌(urothelial carcinoma,UC)是泌尿系最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,具有发病率高、发生隐匿、多点原发、易复发等特点。目前,指南推荐新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NAC)联合根治性膀胱切除术(radical cystectomy,RC)或肾输尿管切除术为肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌(muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma,MIUC)标准的治疗方法。同时,以顺铂为基础的联合化疗作为一线治疗用于不可切除和转移性的晚期UC患者,但受各种因素影响,并非所有UC患者均可从中获益。近年来,有大量实验研究关于程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性细胞死亡配体-1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂的疗效和安全性,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂也逐渐被批准用于UC的一、二线治疗。本文对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在UC治疗中的应用进展作一综述,以期为癌症患者的临床治疗提供帮助。
文摘1 Introduction The Qujiashan manganese deposit is located in the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block.It is an important part of Qinba area,which is one of the nine manganese ore prospecting area(Luo,2002).Much