Objective To establish a comprehensive analytical method based on SPE‐UPLC‐MS for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A （BPA）, nonylphenol （NP）, and octylphenol （OP） in urine samples. Methods Sixty uri...Objective To establish a comprehensive analytical method based on SPE‐UPLC‐MS for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A （BPA）, nonylphenol （NP）, and octylphenol （OP） in urine samples. Methods Sixty urine samples collected from healthy subjects were analyzed for BPA, NP, and OP concentrations. The samples were de‐conjugated by adding β‐glucuronidase and sulfatase. After the enzymatic treatment, the samples were subjected to the OASIS HLB column solid phase extraction cartridges so as to be cleaned and concentrated. The UPLC separation was performed on a Acquity UPLCTM BEH C18 column （2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm） with a gradient elution system of methanol‐water as the mobile phase. Triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry analyzer was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of UPLC‐MS/MS system. Results The limit of detection of BPA, NP, and OP was 0.10, 0.10, and 0.15 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of BPA, NP and OP were 80.1%‐108%, 81.3%‐109%, and 81.5%‐98.7%, respectively. Among the 60 urine samples, BPA was detected in 8 samples at the level of 0.297‐32.7ng/mL, NP was detected in 29 samples at the level of 1.69‐27.8 ng/mL, and OP was detected in 17 samples at the level of 0.407‐11.1 ng/mL. Conclusion The method is simple with high sensitivity and selectivity, and is suitable for the determination of BPA, NP, and OP in urine. As shown by our analysis , BPA, NP, and OP appear to be prevalent in human urine. This is particularly true for NP. The results from our study is therefore valuable for future studies to assess the exposure to BPA, NP, and OP in the general population.展开更多
Objective Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDD/Fs）. Meth...Objective Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDD/Fs）. Methods Particulate samples including total suspended particulates （TSP） and particulate matter 2.5 μm diameter （PM2.5） were collected on selected non‐rainy days in summer （Jul 10–12, 2006） and winter （Jan 11–13, 2007） from Fengjiang （FJ）, an electronic waste （e‐waste） dismantling area in eastern China, and an adjacent area Luqiao （LQ）. The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution‐high resolution gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry （HRGC/HRMS）. Results In FJ, the mean PCDD/F concentrations （mean TEQ values） were 280.6 pg Nm‐3 （3.432 pg WHO‐TEQ Nm‐3） for the TSP samples and 223.3 pg Nm‐3 （3.180 pg WHO‐TEQ Nm‐3） for the PM2.5 samples. The total PCDD/F concentrations and TEQs in the PM2.5 samples were about 66.8%‐108.0% of the TSP samples, indicating that the fine particles contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than coarse particles. The PCDD/F levels in FJ were much higher than those detected in common urban areas around the world, suggesting that the study area was heavily polluted by PCDD/Fs. Furthermore, the total average daily PCDD/F intake in FJ was estimated at 62.11 pg WHO‐TEQ kg‐1·day‐1 for adults and 110.11 pg WHO‐TEQ kg‐1·day‐1 for children, which greatly exceeds the WHO （1998） tolerable daily intake of 1–4 pg of WHO‐TEQ kg‐1·day‐1. Conclusion The PCDD/F homologues and congener profiles confirmed that the PCDD/Fs in FJ originated from crude e‐waste recycling activities. The severe dioxin pollution present in FJ has also substantially influenced the adjacent area of LQ through atmospheric transport. Open burning of medical waste was another source of PCDD/Fs identified in LQ.展开更多
Background By synthesizing results from primary studies,systematic review can provide empirical information of concerned problems.This study aimed to review the available surveillance data from studies reporting the c...Background By synthesizing results from primary studies,systematic review can provide empirical information of concerned problems.This study aimed to review the available surveillance data from studies reporting the contamination surveillance of food lead in China.Methods Relevant studies were identified by systematically searching Chinese Biological Medicine Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure using the key term of ＂lead＂ for surveillance data published in Chinese between 2006 and 2012.To avoid potential selection bias,all articles were evaluated by two independent reviewers,and the disagreements were resolved by discussion or the third author was asked to arbitrate.Results Among 269 identified publications on surveillance data of lead in food,43 articles met the defined inclusion criteria.The food samples were divided into 11 groups （cereal grains and pulses,fish,eggs,vegetables,meat,edible fungi,milk and dairy products,fruits,offal,tea and preserved egg）.Surveillance data of publications were reviewed to calculate the weighted mean and rate exceeding maximum levels.Our results indicated that the highest lead concentration was 1.937 mg/kg in tea.The total pementage of samples exceeding the maximum levels was 5.57%.Dietary exposure to lead was assessed by combining the weighted mean concentration of surveillance data with national consumption data in 2002.In this review,dietary intake of lead was 1.232 μg/kg b.w./day.Conclusion Further control measures should be taken to reduce exposure to lead,from both dietary and non-dietary sources.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Fundation as par of the Key Technologies of Food Safety Project. Chemical pollutants exposure assessment technology research(2006BAK02A01)
文摘Objective To establish a comprehensive analytical method based on SPE‐UPLC‐MS for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A （BPA）, nonylphenol （NP）, and octylphenol （OP） in urine samples. Methods Sixty urine samples collected from healthy subjects were analyzed for BPA, NP, and OP concentrations. The samples were de‐conjugated by adding β‐glucuronidase and sulfatase. After the enzymatic treatment, the samples were subjected to the OASIS HLB column solid phase extraction cartridges so as to be cleaned and concentrated. The UPLC separation was performed on a Acquity UPLCTM BEH C18 column （2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm） with a gradient elution system of methanol‐water as the mobile phase. Triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry analyzer was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of UPLC‐MS/MS system. Results The limit of detection of BPA, NP, and OP was 0.10, 0.10, and 0.15 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of BPA, NP and OP were 80.1%‐108%, 81.3%‐109%, and 81.5%‐98.7%, respectively. Among the 60 urine samples, BPA was detected in 8 samples at the level of 0.297‐32.7ng/mL, NP was detected in 29 samples at the level of 1.69‐27.8 ng/mL, and OP was detected in 17 samples at the level of 0.407‐11.1 ng/mL. Conclusion The method is simple with high sensitivity and selectivity, and is suitable for the determination of BPA, NP, and OP in urine. As shown by our analysis , BPA, NP, and OP appear to be prevalent in human urine. This is particularly true for NP. The results from our study is therefore valuable for future studies to assess the exposure to BPA, NP, and OP in the general population.
基金supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No. 20907048 and 30771812)National Special Fund for Scientific Research in the Public Interest (200902009)+2 种基金the National High‐Tech Research Program of China (2006AA06Z403)a China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (200902009)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2009J05115)
文摘Objective Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDD/Fs）. Methods Particulate samples including total suspended particulates （TSP） and particulate matter 2.5 μm diameter （PM2.5） were collected on selected non‐rainy days in summer （Jul 10–12, 2006） and winter （Jan 11–13, 2007） from Fengjiang （FJ）, an electronic waste （e‐waste） dismantling area in eastern China, and an adjacent area Luqiao （LQ）. The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution‐high resolution gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry （HRGC/HRMS）. Results In FJ, the mean PCDD/F concentrations （mean TEQ values） were 280.6 pg Nm‐3 （3.432 pg WHO‐TEQ Nm‐3） for the TSP samples and 223.3 pg Nm‐3 （3.180 pg WHO‐TEQ Nm‐3） for the PM2.5 samples. The total PCDD/F concentrations and TEQs in the PM2.5 samples were about 66.8%‐108.0% of the TSP samples, indicating that the fine particles contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than coarse particles. The PCDD/F levels in FJ were much higher than those detected in common urban areas around the world, suggesting that the study area was heavily polluted by PCDD/Fs. Furthermore, the total average daily PCDD/F intake in FJ was estimated at 62.11 pg WHO‐TEQ kg‐1·day‐1 for adults and 110.11 pg WHO‐TEQ kg‐1·day‐1 for children, which greatly exceeds the WHO （1998） tolerable daily intake of 1–4 pg of WHO‐TEQ kg‐1·day‐1. Conclusion The PCDD/F homologues and congener profiles confirmed that the PCDD/Fs in FJ originated from crude e‐waste recycling activities. The severe dioxin pollution present in FJ has also substantially influenced the adjacent area of LQ through atmospheric transport. Open burning of medical waste was another source of PCDD/Fs identified in LQ.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81172769）.
文摘Background By synthesizing results from primary studies,systematic review can provide empirical information of concerned problems.This study aimed to review the available surveillance data from studies reporting the contamination surveillance of food lead in China.Methods Relevant studies were identified by systematically searching Chinese Biological Medicine Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure using the key term of ＂lead＂ for surveillance data published in Chinese between 2006 and 2012.To avoid potential selection bias,all articles were evaluated by two independent reviewers,and the disagreements were resolved by discussion or the third author was asked to arbitrate.Results Among 269 identified publications on surveillance data of lead in food,43 articles met the defined inclusion criteria.The food samples were divided into 11 groups （cereal grains and pulses,fish,eggs,vegetables,meat,edible fungi,milk and dairy products,fruits,offal,tea and preserved egg）.Surveillance data of publications were reviewed to calculate the weighted mean and rate exceeding maximum levels.Our results indicated that the highest lead concentration was 1.937 mg/kg in tea.The total pementage of samples exceeding the maximum levels was 5.57%.Dietary exposure to lead was assessed by combining the weighted mean concentration of surveillance data with national consumption data in 2002.In this review,dietary intake of lead was 1.232 μg/kg b.w./day.Conclusion Further control measures should be taken to reduce exposure to lead,from both dietary and non-dietary sources.
