Plasma Metabonomics of Human Adenovirus-infected Patients with Pneumonia and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Objective Human adenovirus(HAdV)infection is common and can develop to serious conditions with high mortality,yet the mechanism of HAdV infection remains unclear.In the present study,the serum metabolite profiles of HAdV-7-infected patients with pneumonia or upper respiratory tract infection(URTI)were explored.Methods In total,35 patients were enrolled in the study following an outbreak of HAdV-7 in the army,of whom 14 had pneumonia and 21 had URTI.Blood samples were collected at the acute stage and at the recovery stage and were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics.Results Over 90% of the differential metabolites identified between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients were lipids and lipid-like molecules,including glycerophospholipids,fatty acyls,and sphingolipids.The metabolic pathways that were significantly enriched were primarily the lipid metabolism pathways,including sphingolipid metabolism,glycerophospholipid metabolism,and linoleic acid metabolism.The sphingolipid metabolism was identified as a significantly differential pathway between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients and between the acute and recovery stages for the pneumonia patients,but not between the acute and recovery stages for the URTI patients.Ceramide and lactosylceramide,involved in sphingolipid metabolism,were significantly higher in the pneumonia patients than in the URTI patients with good discrimination abilities[area under curve(AUC)0.742 and 0.716,respectively;combination AUC 0.801].Conclusion Our results suggested that HAdV modulated lipid metabolism for both the patients with URTI and pneumonia,especially the sphingolipid metabolism involving ceramide and lactosylceramide,which might thus be a potential intervention target in the treatment of HAdV infection.

Effectiveness of indoor residual spraying on malaria control: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Indoor residual spraying(IRS)is one of the key interventions recommended by World Health Organization in preventing malaria infection.We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of global studies about the impact of IRS on malaria control.Method:We searched PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,and Scopus for relevant studies published from database establishment to 31 December 2021.Random-effects models were used to perform meta-analysis and subgroup analysis to pool the odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(CI).Meta-regression was used to investigate potential factors of heterogeneity across studies.Results:Thirty-eight articles including 81 reports and 1,174,970 individuals were included in the meta-analysis.IRS was associated with lower rates of malaria infection(OR=0.35,95%CI:0.27-0.44).The significantly higher effectiveness was observed in IRS coverage≥80%than in IRS coverage<80%.Pyrethroids was identified to show the greatest performance in malaria control.In addition,higher effectiveness was associated with a lower gross domestic product as well as a higher coverage of IRS and bed net utilization.Conclusions:IRS could induce a positive effect on malaria infection globally.The high IRS coverage and the use of pyrethroids are key measures to reduce malaria infection.More efforts should focus on increasing IRS coverage,developing more effective new insecticides against malaria,and using multiple interventions comprehensively to achieve malaria control goals.