The Impact of Regional Rainfall on Runoff of Yachi River of Guizhou

Based on monthly runoff data of Yachi River of Guizhou from April 2014 to May 2015,and monthly rainfall data of Guiyang,Xichang,Wenjiang and Chongqing weather stations from January 2007 to November 2015,the influence of temporal-spatial component of regional rainfall on monthly runoff of Yachi River was analyzed by using REOF,multiple linear regression analysis and harmonic analysis.Temporal-spatial change of monthly rainfall around Yachi River mainly contained four kinds of modes.The first mode was northwest-southeast type,and the second mode was south-north type,and the third mode was east-west mode.Temporal components of the three modes were all quasi equilibrium seasonal and interannual changes.Among them,the first and second modes had stable seasonal change,while seasonal change of the third mode was the most unstable,and drought-flood situation of season variation was easy to happen.Seasonal change form of monthly runoff in Yachi River was obviously different from regional monthly rainfall,and it was mainly affected by underlying surface topography and human activity(reservoir and hydropower station),and could not make a natural response to seasonal change of rainfall in time.The third mode of regional monthly rainfall and cycle fitting amount of had insignificant impact on monthly runoff of Yachi River,while the first mode of regional monthly rainfall and cycle fitting amount showed significantly positive correlation with monthly runoff of Yachi River.The second mode of regional monthly rainfall and cycle fitting amount had significantly negative correlation with monthly runoff of Yachi River,and Yachi River had significant water-storage regulation effect on the mode component.Yachi River did not have water-storage regulation effect on flood component of seasonal variation of regional monthly rainfall.

Earth Ecosystem Theory: Ⅱ Segm entation and Com-position Principles

We firstly put forward the definitions and principles of ecosystem segmentation and composition, and elaborate five kinds of characteristics of ecosystem segmentation and composition. Results show that ecosystem segmentation and composition are actually its space segmentation and composition, and time change decides change and succession of any ecosystems. Via temporal-spatial change of ecosystem and segmentation and composition, change and succession trend of ecosystem and future development are determined, which lays foundation for analyzing structure and composition of earth ecosystem.

Landscape Structure Changes in Liangshui Nature Reserve, Northeast China

This paper systematically studied the landscape dynamic changes in Liangshui Natural Reserve (LNR) in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China during three periods (1950s, 1970s and 1990s), by applying landscape space model------Markov model. The results indicated that the landscape structure in LNR changed and the types of landscape patches increased. The phenomena of increasing and reducing of landscape types happened at the same time and the matrix— natural Pinus koraiensis decreased year by year. The law of transformation of landscape types matches well with the results concluded from statistical data, survey data, and the developing process inherent succession of the forest. By analyzing landscape dynamic changes, some scientific management measures were put forward in this paper.

Effects of PHC on Water Quality of Jiaozhou Bay Ⅴ.Water Transfer Process

Based on the investigation data of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay,China during 1980-1981,the vertical distribution of PHC content in the water of Jiaozhou Bay was analyzed.The results showed that from 1980 to 1981,the vertical distribution of PHC content in the water of Jiaozhou Bay depended on the water transfer process of PHC.During the water transfer process of PHC,PHC was input from pollution sources into the surface water of the bay firstly,and then it settled to the bottom.The horizontal distribution trends of PHC content in the surface and bottom water,the changes of PHC content in the surface and bottom water,and the vertical changes of PHC content showed that the settlement of PHC was fast and was consistent with PHC content.PHC accumulated at the bottom after continuous settlement of PHC,which revealed the water transfer process of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay.

Settlement Area of Cr Content Decided by Source and Topographic Features

Based on the investigation data of Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1981,change range,horizontal distribution and vertical change of Cr content in surface and bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay were studied. The results showed that at change scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had same change range in Jiaozhou Bay waters of August; at space scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had converse change trend;at vertical scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had similar change. At regional scale,Cr content from surface layer was more than that from bottom layer in Jiaozhou Bay waters except stations A3 and A6; at stations A6 and A3,Cr content from surface layer was less than that from bottom layer. It illustrated that high settlement area of bottom Cr content was in estuary of Haibo River and sunken waters of bay mouth.Therefore,the source and special topographic features decided high settlement area of Cr content in Jiaozhou Bay waters.

Temporal-spatial Change of Cr Content in Bottom Waters

Based on the investigation data of Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1981,current situation and horizontal distribution of Cr content in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth were studied. Results showed that in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay center,Cr content changed from 0. 50 to3. 78 μg/L in April. In August,Cr content changed from 0. 14 to 1. 42 μg/L in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth. It showed that Cr content corresponded with national class-one seawater quality standard(50. 00 μg/L) at different times and spaces,and Cr content was far less than5. 00 μg/L. Therefore,under the effect of vertical water body,water quality was clean in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay,which was not polluted by Cr. In bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay center in April and bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth in August,Cr transported by the river came to the bottom layer from surface layer by passing through water body in temporal-spatial change process. Under the effects of gravity and water flow,Cr continuously and quickly sank to the sea bottom. It verified the sedimentation process of Cr content.

Effects of PHC on Water Quality of Jiaozhou Bay Ⅵ.Transfer Laws

According to the investigation data of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay,China from 1979 to 1983,the content,sources,horizontal,vertical and seasonal distribution,and transfer laws of PHC in the water of the bay were analyzed on spatial scale,and the processes of pollution sources,land transfer,sedimentation,and water transfer of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay were discussed on temporal scale. These laws and changing processes could provide theoretical foundation for studies on water transfer of PHC and other heavy metals.

Jiaozhou Bay and Surrounding Waters not Polluted by Cr

Based on the investigation data of water area in Jiaozhou Bay in April and August of 1981,Cr content and its surface horizontal distribution in water area of Jiaozhou Bay were studied. Research results showed that Cr content in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay was between 0. 18 and 32.32μg/L,corresponding with national class-one seawater quality standard( 50. 00μg/L). The water area of Jiaozhou Bay was not polluted by any Cr. In April,Cr content was higher in northeast water area of Jiaozhou Bay and lower in southern coastal waters. In August,Cr content was lower in whole Jiaozhou Bay. Cr in water area of Jiaozhou Bay was mainly from river,which was between 1. 85 and 32. 32 μg/L. It showed that Cr content of river transportation was lower,and river was not polluted by Cr,and water quality was all very clean from river to all marine coastal waters and gulf waters.

Effects of PHC on Water Quality of Jiaozhou Bay Ⅱ. Changing Process of Pollution Sources

Based on investigation data on PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay, China during 1979 -1983, the horizontal distribution and pollution sources of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay were analyzed. The results showed that from 1979 to 1983, PHC in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay was mainly from rivers such as Haibo River, Licun River and Loushan River, and PHC content ranged from 0.10 to 1.10 mg/L. The pollution sources of PHC were serious during 1979 -1981 and then became slight during 1982 -1983. From 1979 -1981 to 1982 -1983, PHC content, horizontal distribution and degree of pollution sources changed, but the input mode of PHC was constant, that is, PHC was brought into Jiaozhou Bay by rivers.

Effects of PHC on Water Quality of Jiaozhou Bay Ⅰ. Annual Variation of PHC Content

Based on investigation data on PHC in Jiaozhou Bay, China from 1979 to 1983, the monthly, seasonal and annual variations of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay were studied. The results showed that from 1979 to 1983, Jiaozhou Bay was polluted by PHC seriously and then slightly in spring and summer, while Jiaozhou Bay was polluted by PHC slightly in autumn. During 1979 -1983, PHC content in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay decreased year by year, and it was close to the background value gradually. Moreover, the reduction was obvious in spring and summer but very slight in autumn. Therefore, the water quality of Jiaozhou Bay became better.

Persistence of Organic Pesticide HCH in Waters

[Objective]The research aimed to study HCH persistence in Jiaozhou Bay.[Method]Based on the investigation data in Jiaozhou Bay in April,August,September and October of 1989,we analyzed the source,distribution and migration status of HCH in sea area of Jiaozhou Bay.By using structural model of HCH environmental background value in Jiaozhou Bay,basic background value,input amount of terrestrial runoff and environmental background value of HCH in Jiaozhou Bay were calculated.[Result]Basic background value of HCH in water area of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.012 7μg/L,HCH input amount of terrestrial runoff was during 0-0.057 1μg/L,HCH content input by ocean current was 0μg/L.Then,environmental background value of HCH in water area of Jiaozhou Bay was during 0.012 7-0.069 8μg/L.[Conclusion]HCH needed long time migrating from land to sea bottom,and experienced terrestrial migration process,water migration process,settlement process and biological migration cycle process.In these migration processes,HCH was persistent,and always caused threats and harms on organism.

As Sources in Jiaozhou Bay Waters

Based on data from the investigation in Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1982, the distribution, transfer and seasonal variation of As in Jiaozhou Bay were analyzed. Research results showed that in Jiaozhou Bay, As content was 0.22 -2.80 μg/L at surface layer in one year and 0.84 -4.48 μg/L at bottom layer. In one year, there was no As pollution in the whole waters of Jiaozhou Bay, and only low-content As was input into Jiaozhou Bay. By the horizontal distribution in the waters , it was able to determine if the mater was transported from the land into the waters and what the way of the transportation was. In April and October, there was no As source in the bay; the As content came from the river transportation in June and from the surface runoff transportation in July. In the land transfer process, the As content change in waters of Jiaozhou Bay was determined by the rainy season. There was no pollution of As in the soils and waters around the bay, so the As content was very low in the rivers around the bay. In the waters transfer process, in July and October, if there was the As source in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay or not, the bottom area with the highcontent As was formed in the bay center.

Earth Ecosystem Theory: IV Theory Application

By the application of earth ecosystem theory, three complementary mechanisms of earth ecosystem and ecological power of North Pacific are elaborated fully. Aided by three ecological sub-systems of earth ecosystem： terrestrial ecosystem, marine ecosystem and atmospheric ecosystem, running track of Si is showed. Under the theoretical guidance of three complementary mechanisms of earth ecosystem, we predict future climate mode of the earth, and climate in 2010 gave confirm. Therefore, the theoretical system of earth ecosystem is conductive to studying global issues, including change processes and tendencies of resource, ecology, environment and disaster. Then, it is beneficial to human healthy survival and sustainable development of the earth ecosystem.

Earth Ecosystem Theory: I Theoretical System

Earth is the place of human existence and life. Without the earth,there is no human,no nature either. To study human existence,the earth of human living is firstly studied. By the study of many natural phenomena on the earth,we firstly put forward the theory of earth ecosystem,expound its definition,structure,aim,function,content and significance,and illustrate the characteristics of earth ecosystem. So we found the theory of earth ecosystem,and unveil the variable processes and the operation mechanisms of earth ecosystem. We put forward the earth ecosystem and its theoretic system,which are different from the previous ＂ earth system science＂ and ＂ Gaia hypothesis＂. We consider that among each part of the environment,between environment and organism,there are organic,close and coalescent relationships,so that the earth ecosystem is able to have a sustainable development. Even if there is no life,the earth ecosystem also can control and regulate the earth changes,and possesses the stable state. Therefore,the foundation of the earth ecosystem theory is conducive to the studies of the global problems： the change processes and trends of resources,ecologies,environments,disasters,and so on.

Earth Ecosystem Theory: Ⅲ Structure and Interface

By applying the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem,the structure and interface of earth ecosystem are fully elaborated,and corresponding model diagrams are established to display its composition and interconversion. The research finds that earth ecosystem includes three sub-ecosystems： terrestrial ecosystem,marine ecosystem and atmospheric ecosystem. The impact sequence of sub-ecosystems on earth ecosystem is atmospheric ecosystem 〉 marine ecosystem 〉 terrestrial ecosystem. Based on the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem and the application of earth ecosystem structure and interface,we give new explanations to Taoism and Taiji with the eight diagrams,which contributes to theoretical research of natural science.