The principles and procedures for integrated environmental assessment(IEA) based on the specific urban conditions and Chinese characteristics have been developed. The development processes and the general principles a...The principles and procedures for integrated environmental assessment(IEA) based on the specific urban conditions and Chinese characteristics have been developed. The development processes and the general principles and procedures are presented in this paper. Indicators and methods for IEA may vary from case to case, but guidelines for selection of indicators and methods may be applicable for a specific case, so they are also introduced. Although great progress has been made in IEA, there is still a lot for future development. Prospects are presented as follows: (1) IEA at strategic level; (2) mechanisms for public involvement; (3) post project analysis; (4) cumulative impact assessment; and (5) application of new approaches such as expert system and GIS in IEA.展开更多
Background An elevated serum lipid is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease （CHD）. Physicians＇ awareness contributes to successful adoption of practice guidelines. Community medical centers are t...Background An elevated serum lipid is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease （CHD）. Physicians＇ awareness contributes to successful adoption of practice guidelines. Community medical centers are the primary defense against chronic disease. This study aimed to investigate community physicians＇ awareness of cholesterol guidelines and their utilization.Methods Six hundred and one community physicians were randomly selected from four different regions, and completed a confidential and semi-structured questionnaire. Four hundred and ninety-one completed the questionnaire, and 486 valid questionnaires were available.Results The physicians＇ fundamental knowledge of lipids was astonishingly poor, while the awareness of cholesterol guidelines was low. Only 24% and 14% of the physicians reported the right optimal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） level for CHD and diabetes patients respectively. More than half of the physicians （55.8%） mistakenly considered elevated transaminases to be the lethal side effect of statins. More than half of the physicians （51.9%） would give up statin treatment in the case of transaminase elevation.Conclusion Educational interventions to improve cholesterol knowledge and to publicize standard treatment are needed among Chinese community physicians.展开更多
文摘The principles and procedures for integrated environmental assessment(IEA) based on the specific urban conditions and Chinese characteristics have been developed. The development processes and the general principles and procedures are presented in this paper. Indicators and methods for IEA may vary from case to case, but guidelines for selection of indicators and methods may be applicable for a specific case, so they are also introduced. Although great progress has been made in IEA, there is still a lot for future development. Prospects are presented as follows: (1) IEA at strategic level; (2) mechanisms for public involvement; (3) post project analysis; (4) cumulative impact assessment; and (5) application of new approaches such as expert system and GIS in IEA.
文摘Background An elevated serum lipid is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease （CHD）. Physicians＇ awareness contributes to successful adoption of practice guidelines. Community medical centers are the primary defense against chronic disease. This study aimed to investigate community physicians＇ awareness of cholesterol guidelines and their utilization.Methods Six hundred and one community physicians were randomly selected from four different regions, and completed a confidential and semi-structured questionnaire. Four hundred and ninety-one completed the questionnaire, and 486 valid questionnaires were available.Results The physicians＇ fundamental knowledge of lipids was astonishingly poor, while the awareness of cholesterol guidelines was low. Only 24% and 14% of the physicians reported the right optimal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） level for CHD and diabetes patients respectively. More than half of the physicians （55.8%） mistakenly considered elevated transaminases to be the lethal side effect of statins. More than half of the physicians （51.9%） would give up statin treatment in the case of transaminase elevation.Conclusion Educational interventions to improve cholesterol knowledge and to publicize standard treatment are needed among Chinese community physicians.
