Wetlands at the interface of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are intensive sites for mineralization of organic matter, but the contribution of winter season fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O from wetland ecosystems to...Wetlands at the interface of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are intensive sites for mineralization of organic matter, but the contribution of winter season fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O from wetland ecosystems to annual budgets is poorly known. By using the static opaque chamber and GC techniques, fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O at two freshwater marshes in the Sanjiang Plain were measured during the winter seasons of 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 with contrasting snow conditions and flooding regimes. The results showed that there were significant interannual and spatial differences in CH4, CO2 and N2O fluxes. The Carex lasiocarpa marsh emitted more CH4 and CO2 while absorbed less N2O than the Deyeuxia angustifolia marsh during the winter seasons. Over the winter season, emissions of CH4, CO2 and N2O ranged from 0.42 to 2.41 gC/m^2, from 24.13 to 50.16 gC/m^2, and from -25,20 to -148.96 mgN/m^2, respectively. The contributions of winter season CH4 and CO2 emission to the annual budgets were 2.32% 4.62% and 22.17%- 27.97%, respectively. Marshes uptake N2O during the freezing period, while release N2O during the thawing period. The winter uptake equaled to 13.70%-86.69% of the growing-season loss. We conclude that gas exchange between soil/snow and the atmosphere in the winter season contributed greatly to the annual budgets and cannot be ignored in a cool temperate freshwater marsh in Northeast China.展开更多
Measurements of gaseous pollutants(O3, NOx, SO2, and CO) were conducted at Dinghushan background station in southern China from January to December 2013.The levels and variations of O3, NOx, SO2, and CO were analyzed ...Measurements of gaseous pollutants(O3, NOx, SO2, and CO) were conducted at Dinghushan background station in southern China from January to December 2013.The levels and variations of O3, NOx, SO2, and CO were analyzed and their possible causes discussed. The annual average concentrations of O3, NOx, SO2, and CO were 24.6 ± 23.9, 12.8 ± 10.2, 4.0 ± 4.8, and 348 ± 185 ppbv, respectively. The observed levels of the gaseous pollutants are comparable to those at other background sites in China. The most obvious diurnal variation of O3 was observed in autumn, with minima in the early morning and maxima in the afternoon. The diurnal variations of SO2 showed high values during the day. The diurnal cycles of NOx showed higher values in the morning and lower values during the night. Higher CO concentrations were observed in spring followed by winter, autumn, and summer. Biomass burning, in combination with the transport of regional pollution, is an important source of CO, SO2, and NOx in spring and winter. Backward trajectories were calculated and analyzed together with corresponding pollutant concentrations. The results indicate that air masses passing over polluted areas are responsible for the high concentrations of gaseous pollutants at the Dinghushan background station.展开更多
An automated procedure employing principal-component analysis and a two-stage cluster analysis was developed to classify the synoptic meteorological conditions prevailing over Urumqi, one of the most heavily polluted ...An automated procedure employing principal-component analysis and a two-stage cluster analysis was developed to classify the synoptic meteorological conditions prevailing over Urumqi, one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world. Six clusters representing different circulation patterns and air-mass characteristics were classified using surface- and upper-meteorological variables during the heating period from 2001 to 2008, and the relationships between synoptic clusters and air quality were evaluated. The heaviest air-pollution episodes occurred when Urumqi was in either an extremely cold, strong anticyclone or at the front of a migrating cyclone, both with light winds, wet surface air, and relatively dry upper air. Moderate pollution was seen when Urumqi was in the pre-cold/cold frontal passages with lower temperatures and light winds or moderate anticyclone with relatively warmer, drier air. When Urumqi was at the front of a migrating anticyclone or in a weak anticyclone with moderate winds and most warm, dry air, or in the cold/post-cold frontal passages with relatively strongly northerly airflows and precipitation, relatively good air quality could be seen. These results suggest that air pollution in Urumqi is very closely related to the synoptic meteorological conditions, which provides an important basis for not only the prediction and control of urban air-quality problems here but also for the analysis of the differential impacts of weather and pollution on human morbidity.展开更多
Combining improved injector, gas line and valve-driving modules, a GC equipped with FID and ECD, could simultaneously measure CH4, CO2 and N2O in an air sample within 4 min. Test results showed that the system has hig...Combining improved injector, gas line and valve-driving modules, a GC equipped with FID and ECD, could simultaneously measure CH4, CO2 and N2O in an air sample within 4 min. Test results showed that the system has high sensitivity, resolution and precision; the linear response range of the system meets the requirement of in situ flux measurements. Thus, the system is suitable for monitoring fluxes of main greenhouse gases in terrestrial ecosystem since it is easy to use, efficacious, stable and reliable to collect data.展开更多
Recent vigorous industrialization and urbanization in Shandong Peninsula,China,have resulted in the emission of heavy anthropogenic aerosols over the region.The annual means of aerosol optical depth(AOD),Angstrom expo...Recent vigorous industrialization and urbanization in Shandong Peninsula,China,have resulted in the emission of heavy anthropogenic aerosols over the region.The annual means of aerosol optical depth(AOD),Angstrom exponent(α),single-scattering albedo(SSA),aerosol direct radiative forcing(ARF),surface radiative forcing(SRF),and top-of-the atmospheric radiative forcing(TOA) recorded during 2004–2011 were respectively 0.67±0.19,1.25±0.24,0.93±0.03,47±9 W m-2,-61±9 W m-2,and-14±8 W m-2.The aerosol optical properties and ARF characteristics showed remarkable seasonal variations due to cycle changes in the aerosol components and dominance type.The atmosphere-surface system was cooled by ARF in all years of the study due to anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate emission and sea salt aerosols.The magnitude of TOA cooling was larger in summer(-15±17 W m-2) and autumn(-12±7 W m-2) than that in spring(-8±4 W m-2) and winter(-9±10 W m-2).展开更多
为了研究重庆市北碚城区大气碳质气溶胶组分的污染特征,于2014年3月~2015年2月采用安德森采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,用DRI Model 2001 A热光碳分析仪测定其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度.结果表明,北碚城区PM_(2.1)和PM_(9.0)中OC...为了研究重庆市北碚城区大气碳质气溶胶组分的污染特征,于2014年3月~2015年2月采用安德森采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,用DRI Model 2001 A热光碳分析仪测定其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度.结果表明,北碚城区PM_(2.1)和PM_(9.0)中OC和EC的年平均浓度分别为(16.3±7.6)、(1.8±0.7)和(25.0±9.7)、(3.2±1.3)μg·m-3.在PM_(2.1)中,OC和EC均呈现出冬春季大于夏秋季的季节变化特征,而PM_(9.0)中OC呈现出夏春季大于冬秋季,EC呈现出冬春季大于夏秋季的季节变化特征.对全年OC和EC的粒径进行分析,发现OC在整个粒径上呈现"双峰型"分布,其中细粒子段峰值位于0.43~0.65μm粒径段,粗粒子段峰值位于4.7~5.8μm粒径段;EC呈现出"三峰型"分布,其中细粒子段峰值位于0.43~0.65μm粒径段,粗粒子段峰值位于4.7~5.8μm粒径段,同时2.1~3.3μm粒径段也出现一个明显峰值.对OC和EC进行相关性分析并对PM_(2.1)中的SOC进行估算,发现北碚城区全年SOC浓度为(6.3±5.9)μg·m-3,占全年OC的33.5%±22.6%,且OC和EC显著相关.最后对北碚城区大气气溶胶的污染来源进行分析,发现污染主要来源于汽油车尾气、生物质燃烧和燃煤排放.展开更多
基金partially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China[grant numbers 2016YFC0202001,973Program 2014CB441200]National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure,National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China(http://www.geodata.cn)
文摘Wetlands at the interface of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are intensive sites for mineralization of organic matter, but the contribution of winter season fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O from wetland ecosystems to annual budgets is poorly known. By using the static opaque chamber and GC techniques, fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O at two freshwater marshes in the Sanjiang Plain were measured during the winter seasons of 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 with contrasting snow conditions and flooding regimes. The results showed that there were significant interannual and spatial differences in CH4, CO2 and N2O fluxes. The Carex lasiocarpa marsh emitted more CH4 and CO2 while absorbed less N2O than the Deyeuxia angustifolia marsh during the winter seasons. Over the winter season, emissions of CH4, CO2 and N2O ranged from 0.42 to 2.41 gC/m^2, from 24.13 to 50.16 gC/m^2, and from -25,20 to -148.96 mgN/m^2, respectively. The contributions of winter season CH4 and CO2 emission to the annual budgets were 2.32% 4.62% and 22.17%- 27.97%, respectively. Marshes uptake N2O during the freezing period, while release N2O during the thawing period. The winter uptake equaled to 13.70%-86.69% of the growing-season loss. We conclude that gas exchange between soil/snow and the atmosphere in the winter season contributed greatly to the annual budgets and cannot be ignored in a cool temperate freshwater marsh in Northeast China.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number2016YFC0202701]the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project[grant numbers D17110900150000 and Z171100000617002]
基金supported by Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.XDA05100100)
文摘Measurements of gaseous pollutants(O3, NOx, SO2, and CO) were conducted at Dinghushan background station in southern China from January to December 2013.The levels and variations of O3, NOx, SO2, and CO were analyzed and their possible causes discussed. The annual average concentrations of O3, NOx, SO2, and CO were 24.6 ± 23.9, 12.8 ± 10.2, 4.0 ± 4.8, and 348 ± 185 ppbv, respectively. The observed levels of the gaseous pollutants are comparable to those at other background sites in China. The most obvious diurnal variation of O3 was observed in autumn, with minima in the early morning and maxima in the afternoon. The diurnal variations of SO2 showed high values during the day. The diurnal cycles of NOx showed higher values in the morning and lower values during the night. Higher CO concentrations were observed in spring followed by winter, autumn, and summer. Biomass burning, in combination with the transport of regional pollution, is an important source of CO, SO2, and NOx in spring and winter. Backward trajectories were calculated and analyzed together with corresponding pollutant concentrations. The results indicate that air masses passing over polluted areas are responsible for the high concentrations of gaseous pollutants at the Dinghushan background station.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China[grant numbers 2016YFC0202001 and 973Program 2014CB441200]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41375036 and41305076]
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX1-YW-06-01)
文摘An automated procedure employing principal-component analysis and a two-stage cluster analysis was developed to classify the synoptic meteorological conditions prevailing over Urumqi, one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world. Six clusters representing different circulation patterns and air-mass characteristics were classified using surface- and upper-meteorological variables during the heating period from 2001 to 2008, and the relationships between synoptic clusters and air quality were evaluated. The heaviest air-pollution episodes occurred when Urumqi was in either an extremely cold, strong anticyclone or at the front of a migrating cyclone, both with light winds, wet surface air, and relatively dry upper air. Moderate pollution was seen when Urumqi was in the pre-cold/cold frontal passages with lower temperatures and light winds or moderate anticyclone with relatively warmer, drier air. When Urumqi was at the front of a migrating anticyclone or in a weak anticyclone with moderate winds and most warm, dry air, or in the cold/post-cold frontal passages with relatively strongly northerly airflows and precipitation, relatively good air quality could be seen. These results suggest that air pollution in Urumqi is very closely related to the synoptic meteorological conditions, which provides an important basis for not only the prediction and control of urban air-quality problems here but also for the analysis of the differential impacts of weather and pollution on human morbidity.
文摘Combining improved injector, gas line and valve-driving modules, a GC equipped with FID and ECD, could simultaneously measure CH4, CO2 and N2O in an air sample within 4 min. Test results showed that the system has high sensitivity, resolution and precision; the linear response range of the system meets the requirement of in situ flux measurements. Thus, the system is suitable for monitoring fluxes of main greenhouse gases in terrestrial ecosystem since it is easy to use, efficacious, stable and reliable to collect data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41222033,41375036,and 41105103)and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05100102 and XDB05020103)
文摘Recent vigorous industrialization and urbanization in Shandong Peninsula,China,have resulted in the emission of heavy anthropogenic aerosols over the region.The annual means of aerosol optical depth(AOD),Angstrom exponent(α),single-scattering albedo(SSA),aerosol direct radiative forcing(ARF),surface radiative forcing(SRF),and top-of-the atmospheric radiative forcing(TOA) recorded during 2004–2011 were respectively 0.67±0.19,1.25±0.24,0.93±0.03,47±9 W m-2,-61±9 W m-2,and-14±8 W m-2.The aerosol optical properties and ARF characteristics showed remarkable seasonal variations due to cycle changes in the aerosol components and dominance type.The atmosphere-surface system was cooled by ARF in all years of the study due to anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate emission and sea salt aerosols.The magnitude of TOA cooling was larger in summer(-15±17 W m-2) and autumn(-12±7 W m-2) than that in spring(-8±4 W m-2) and winter(-9±10 W m-2).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41405144]the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number2017YFC0210100],[grant number 2016YFD0800302],[grant number 2016YFC0201802]the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[STS Plan,grant number KFJ-SW-STS-168]
文摘为了研究重庆市北碚城区大气碳质气溶胶组分的污染特征,于2014年3月~2015年2月采用安德森采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,用DRI Model 2001 A热光碳分析仪测定其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度.结果表明,北碚城区PM_(2.1)和PM_(9.0)中OC和EC的年平均浓度分别为(16.3±7.6)、(1.8±0.7)和(25.0±9.7)、(3.2±1.3)μg·m-3.在PM_(2.1)中,OC和EC均呈现出冬春季大于夏秋季的季节变化特征,而PM_(9.0)中OC呈现出夏春季大于冬秋季,EC呈现出冬春季大于夏秋季的季节变化特征.对全年OC和EC的粒径进行分析,发现OC在整个粒径上呈现"双峰型"分布,其中细粒子段峰值位于0.43~0.65μm粒径段,粗粒子段峰值位于4.7~5.8μm粒径段;EC呈现出"三峰型"分布,其中细粒子段峰值位于0.43~0.65μm粒径段,粗粒子段峰值位于4.7~5.8μm粒径段,同时2.1~3.3μm粒径段也出现一个明显峰值.对OC和EC进行相关性分析并对PM_(2.1)中的SOC进行估算,发现北碚城区全年SOC浓度为(6.3±5.9)μg·m-3,占全年OC的33.5%±22.6%,且OC和EC显著相关.最后对北碚城区大气气溶胶的污染来源进行分析,发现污染主要来源于汽油车尾气、生物质燃烧和燃煤排放.
