Immunological Markers for Central Nervous System Glia

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS)are composed of oligodendrocytes,astrocytes and microglia.They contribute more than half of the total cells of the CNS,and are essential for neural development and functioning.Studies on the fate specification,differentiation,and functional diversification of glial cells mainly rely on the proper use of cell-or stage-specific molecular markers.However,as cellular markers often exhibit different specificity and sensitivity,careful consideration must be given prior to their application to avoid possible confusion.Here,we provide an updated overview of a list of well-established immunological markers for the labeling of central glia,and discuss the cell-type specificity and stage dependency of their expression.

Loading rate and holding load dependent room temperature nanoindentation creep behavior of 60NiTi alloy:Individual and coupling effects

60NiTi alloy is highly promising for aerospace bearings and mechanisms.Shock load that is inevitably generated during launching process brings about an quick loading process and transient load duration,and may further results in an unnoticed but detrimental creep deformation.On this account,the nanoindentation creep behavior of solution-treated 60NiTi alloy at room temperature and the corresponding influencing mechanism were studied.The results show that creep displacement was dominated by strain rate at the very beginning of holding stage.Strain rate and flow stress at the very beginning of holding stage were increased with an increased loading rate but declined with increasing holding load or with simultaneously increasing loading rate and holding load.The underlying mechanisms were provided as nucleation and absorption of geometrically necessary dislocations(GNDs)associated with strain gradient plasticity theory rather than the model based on the consumption of creep deformation at loading stage.

Enhanced micro/nano-tribological performance in partially crystallized 60NiTi film

The microstructure,mechanical and micro/nano-tribological properties of the 60NiTi film annealed at different temperature were investigated.The results reveal that annealing as-deposited 60NiTi film at 300,375,and 600℃ for 1 h leads to structural relaxation,partial crystallization and full crystallization,respectively.Compared with the structurally relaxed structure,the partially crystallized structure exhibits increased hardness but decreased elastic modulus.This is because that the elastic modulus is reduced by Voigt model while the hardness is improved by composite effect.Due to the highest hardness and ratio of hardness to elastic modulus(H/E),the partially crystallized 60NiTi film has the lowest penetration depth and residual depth(i.e.,groove depth).Besides,the results also reveal that ductile plowing is the dominant wear mechanism for all the annealed 60NiTi films.Under the condition of the ductile plowing,coefficient of friction and wear resistance are related to penetration depth and residual depth,respectively.Therefore,the partially crystallized 60NiTi film shows the best tribological performance at the micro/nano-scale.The current work not only highlights the important roles of hardness and H/E in improving the micro/nano-tribological properties but also concludes an efficient and simple method for simultaneously increasing hardness and H/E.