The characteristics of driver lane-changing behaviour in congested road environments

Lane-changing behaviour is one of the complex|driving behaviours.The lane-changing behaviour of drivers may exacerbate congestion,however driver behavioural characteristics are difficult to accurately acquire and quantify,and thus tend to be simplified or ignored in existing lane-changing models.In this paper,the Bik-means clustering algorithm is used to analyse the urban road congestion state discrimination method.Then,simulated driving tests were conducted for different traffic congestion conditions.Through the force feedback system and infrared camera,the data of driver lane-changing behaviours at different traffic congestion levels are obtained separately,and the definitions of the start and end points of a vehicle changing lanes are determined.Furthermore,statistical analysis and discussion of key feature parameters including driver lane-changing behaviour data and visual data under different levels of traffic congestion were conducted.It is found that the average lane-change intention times in each congestion state are 2 s,4 s,6 s and 7 s,while the turn-signal duration and the number of rear-view mirror observations have similar patterns of change to the data on lane-changing intention duration.Moreover,drivers’pupil diameters become smaller during the lane-changing intention phase,and then relatively enlarge during lane-changing;the range of pupil variation is roughly 3.5 mm to 4 mm.The frequency of observing the vehicle in front of the target lane increased as the level of congestion increased,and the frequency of observation in the driver’s mirrors while changing lanes approximately doubled compared to driving straight ahead,and this ratio increased as the level of congestion increased.

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 44 due to compound heterozygous variants in the UBA5 gene:a case report

Background Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy(DEE)is a group of rare inherited disorders characterized by intellectual disability,delayed development,epileptic seizures,and other related symptoms.DEE44 is caused by mutations in the UBA5 gene,which encodes a ubiquitin-like protein involved in protein degradation and cell signaling.However,there is limited information on the genotype–phenotype correlation of DEE44,and its clinical features remain to be fully characterized.Case presentation We report a 12-month-old infant who presented with epileptic spastic seizures beginning at 4 months of age,accompanied by overall developmental delay,short stature,microcephaly,inability to hold his head upright,chasing vision,and high muscle tone in the extremities.Genetic findings showed compound heterozygous mutations of the UBA5 gene:NM_024818 c.562C>T(p.R188X)from the mother and NM_024818 c.214C>T(p.R72C)from the father.Conclusions This case report expands the clinical spectrum of DEE44 and highlights the importance of considering DEE44 in the differential diagnosis of developmental delay and epilepsy,even in the absence of classical symptoms suggestive of the condition.We hope that this case report will advance the understanding of DEE44 and improve the expertise of clinicians and early diagnose of this disease.

ABCA1 is associated with the development of acquired chemotherapy resistance and predicts poor ovarian cancer outcome

Aim:This study investigated the ATP binding cassette(ABC)transporter(ABCA1,ABCB1,ABCB3,ABCC2 and ABCG2)expression in high grade serous ovarian cancer(HGSOC)tissues,cell lines and primary cells to determine their potential relationship with acquired chemotherapy resistance and patient outcome.Methods:ABC transporter mRNA and protein expression(ABCA1,ABCB1,ABCB3,ABCC2 and ABCG2)was assessed in publicly available datasets and in a tissue microarray(TMA)cohort of HGSOC at diagnosis,respectively.ABC transporter mRNA expression was also assessed in chemosensitive ovarian cancer cell lines(OVCAR-5 and CaOV3)versus matching cell lines with acquired carboplatin resistance and in primary HGSOC cells from patients with chemosensitive disease at diagnosis(n=10)as well as patients with acquired chemotherapy resistance at relapse(n=6).The effects of the ABCA1 inhibitor apabetalone in carboplatin-sensitive and-resistant cell lines were also investigated.Results:High ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression was found to be significantly associated with poor patient outcome.ABCA1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in ovarian cancer cell lines(OVCAR-5 CBPR and CaOV3 CBPR)with acquired carboplatin resistance.ABCA1 mRNA was significantly increased in primary HGSOC cells obtained from patients with acquired chemotherapy resistance.Apabetalone treatment reduced ABCA1 protein expression and increased the sensitivity of both parental and carboplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin.Conclusion: These results suggest that inhibiting ABCA1 transporter may be useful in overcoming acquired chemotherapy resistance and improving outcome for patients with HGSOC.