Genome and transcriptome of Papaver somniferum Chinese landrace CHM indicates that massive genome expansion contributes to high benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis

Opium poppy(Papaver somniferum)is a source of morphine,codeine,and semisynthetic derivatives,including oxycodone and naltrexone.Here,we report the de novo assembly and genomic analysis of P.somniferum traditional landrace‘Chinese Herbal Medicine’.Variations between the 2.62 Gb CHM genome and that of the previously sequenced high noscapine 1(HN1)variety were also explored.Among 79,668 protein-coding genes,we functionally annotated 88.9%,compared to 68.8%reported in the HN1 genome.Gene family and 4DTv comparative analyses with three other Papaveraceae species revealed that opium poppy underwent two whole-genome duplication(WGD)events.The first of these,in ancestral Ranunculales,expanded gene families related to characteristic secondary metabolite production and disease resistance.The more recent species-specific WGD mediated by transposable elements resulted in massive genome expansion.Genes carrying structural variations and large-effect variants associated with agronomically different phenotypes between CHM and HN1 that were identified through our transcriptomic comparison of multiple organs and developmental stages can enable the development of new varieties.These genomic and transcriptomic analyses will provide a valuable resource that informs future basic and agricultural studies of the opium poppy.

Body Fluid Identification by Messenger RNA Profiling in Sexual Assault

Body fluid identification through messenger RNA(mRNA)has been proposed as a useful supplement to presumptive and confirmatory tests by previous laboratory studies;however,its application in routine clinical forensic examination was rare.We report a case of sexual assault in which body fluid identification by mRNA profiling was used.Vaginal secretions mRNA markers(MUC4,HBD1,and CYP2B7P1)were used to test the sample,being obtained positive results.This case demonstrates that mRNA profiling of body fluids could be applied to routine case examinations as an aid,acting as a scientific collaborative evidence to strengthen the medicolegal opinion.

The Evaluation of Insertion and Deletion Polymorphism in Population and Personal Identification Amidst Chinese Populations

For comprehensive understanding of practical application and evaluation on the power of30 commonly used InDeis(Qiagen Investigator DIPplex®kit),we captured population data from 25 Chinese populations and employed F-statistics for population genetics analysis.The results indicated that the distributions of allelic frequencies among populations were in different levels.Furthermore,the phylogeny confoiming pairwise FST distances showed that the difierentiation of majority populations were consistent with their geographic locations and historic dispersals.We conduct the comprehensive correlation analysis between FST and heterozygosity of30 InDel loci and provided strong evidence for ongoing InDei loci selection.The Fst values of 30 InDels were calculated within 25 Chinese populations,and then,these loci were characterized definitely based on their roles in population genetics or individual identification.Data indicated that 17 InDels with FST<0.01 could be utilized regarding Chinese individual identification(total discrimination power=0.999985 and cumulative matching probability=0.00000009).We comprehensively reconstructed the population structure and filled the gap of evaluating the ability of InDels in personal as well as population identification.The application of InDel loci in the forensic area would convincingly promote the development matter of forensic population identification and personal discrimination.