CO_(2)capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)is recognized as a uniquely important option in global efforts to control anthropogenic greenhouse-gas(GHG)emissions.Despite significant progress globally in advancing the ma...CO_(2)capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)is recognized as a uniquely important option in global efforts to control anthropogenic greenhouse-gas(GHG)emissions.Despite significant progress globally in advancing the maturity of the various component technologies and their assembly into full-chain demonstrations,a gap remains on the path to widespread deployment in many countries.In this paper,we focus on the importance of business models adapted to the unique technical features and sociopolitical drivers in different regions as a necessary component of commercial scale-up and how lessons might be shared across borders.We identify three archetypes for CCUS development-resource recovery,green growth and low-carbon grids-each with different near-term issues that,if addressed,will enhance the prospect of successful commercial deployment.These archetypes provide a framing mechanism that can help to translate experience in one region or context to other locations by clarifying the most important technical issues and policy requirements.Going forward,the archetype framework also provides guidance on how different regions can converge on the most effective use of CCUS as part of global deep-decarbonization efforts over the long term.展开更多
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis(FTS) constitutes catalytic technology that converts synthesis gas to synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals.While synthesis gas can be obtained from any carbonaceous feedstock,current industri...Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis(FTS) constitutes catalytic technology that converts synthesis gas to synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals.While synthesis gas can be obtained from any carbonaceous feedstock,current industrial FTS operations are almost exclusively based on natural gas.Due to the energy structure of China where cheap coal is abundant,coal to liquids(CTL) technology involving coal gasification,FTS and syncrude upgrading is increasingly being considered as a viable option to convert coal to clean transportation fuels.In this brief paper,we review some pertinent issues about Fe-and Co-based FTS catalysts.Fe is better suited to convert synthesis gas derived from coal gasification into fuels.The authors limit themselves to noting some important trends in the research on Fe-based catalysts.They focus on the preparation of phase-pure carbides and innovative cheap synthesis methods for obtaining active and stable catalysts.These approaches should be augmented by(1) computational investigations that are increasingly able to predict not only mechanism,reaction rates and selectivity but also optimum catalyst composition,as well as(2) characterization of the catalytic materials under conditions close to the operation in real reactors.展开更多
China is currently the world's top coal consumer and the largest oil importer to sustain its rising economy and meet the mounting demand for transportation fuels.However,the increasing emissions due to the huge fo...China is currently the world's top coal consumer and the largest oil importer to sustain its rising economy and meet the mounting demand for transportation fuels.However,the increasing emissions due to the huge fossil fuels consumption,coupled with oil market instability,could derail China's economic growth and jeopardize its national energy security.To face such a hurdle,China has been aggressively supporting low-carbon businesses opportunuties over the past decade,has recently announced several plans to cap coal utilization,and is currently the biggest investor in clean energy technologies.Coal-toLiquid(CTL) is one of the most promising clean coal technologies,offering an ideal solution that can meet China's energy demands and environmental expectations.It is widely known that the Shenhua Group has pioneered and is currently leading the commercialization of the Direct Coal Liquefaction(DCL) process in China.This paper highlights a part of the joint research effort undertaken by the National Institute of Clean-and-LowCarbon Energy(NICE) and University of Pittsburgh in order to develop and commercialize the Indirect Coal Liquefaction(ICL) process.In this mission,NICE has built and operated an ICL plant including a large-scale(5.8-m ID and 30-m height) Slurry-Bubble-Column Reactor(SBCR)for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using iron catalyst.The research,conducted at the University of Pittsburgh over the past few years,allowed building a user-friendly Simulator,based on a comprehensive SBCR model integrated with Aspen Plus and is validated using data from the NICE actual ICL plant.In this paper,the Simulator predictions of the performance of the NICE SBCR,operating with ironand cobalt catalysts under four different tail gas recycle strategies:(1) direct recycle;(2) using a Pressure Swing Adsorption(PSA) unit;(3) using a reformer;and(4) using a Chemical looping Combustion(CLC) process,are presented.It should be mentioned also that our joint research effort has laid the foundation for the design of a commercial-scale SBCR for producing one-million tons per annum of environmentally friendly and ultraclean(no sulfur,no nitrogen and virtually no aromatics) transportation fuels,which could greatly contribute to ensuring China's national energy security while curbing its lingering emission problems.展开更多
文摘CO_(2)capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)is recognized as a uniquely important option in global efforts to control anthropogenic greenhouse-gas(GHG)emissions.Despite significant progress globally in advancing the maturity of the various component technologies and their assembly into full-chain demonstrations,a gap remains on the path to widespread deployment in many countries.In this paper,we focus on the importance of business models adapted to the unique technical features and sociopolitical drivers in different regions as a necessary component of commercial scale-up and how lessons might be shared across borders.We identify three archetypes for CCUS development-resource recovery,green growth and low-carbon grids-each with different near-term issues that,if addressed,will enhance the prospect of successful commercial deployment.These archetypes provide a framing mechanism that can help to translate experience in one region or context to other locations by clarifying the most important technical issues and policy requirements.Going forward,the archetype framework also provides guidance on how different regions can converge on the most effective use of CCUS as part of global deep-decarbonization efforts over the long term.
文摘Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis(FTS) constitutes catalytic technology that converts synthesis gas to synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals.While synthesis gas can be obtained from any carbonaceous feedstock,current industrial FTS operations are almost exclusively based on natural gas.Due to the energy structure of China where cheap coal is abundant,coal to liquids(CTL) technology involving coal gasification,FTS and syncrude upgrading is increasingly being considered as a viable option to convert coal to clean transportation fuels.In this brief paper,we review some pertinent issues about Fe-and Co-based FTS catalysts.Fe is better suited to convert synthesis gas derived from coal gasification into fuels.The authors limit themselves to noting some important trends in the research on Fe-based catalysts.They focus on the preparation of phase-pure carbides and innovative cheap synthesis methods for obtaining active and stable catalysts.These approaches should be augmented by(1) computational investigations that are increasingly able to predict not only mechanism,reaction rates and selectivity but also optimum catalyst composition,as well as(2) characterization of the catalytic materials under conditions close to the operation in real reactors.
基金the National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy (NICE),China,for their financial support of this research
文摘China is currently the world's top coal consumer and the largest oil importer to sustain its rising economy and meet the mounting demand for transportation fuels.However,the increasing emissions due to the huge fossil fuels consumption,coupled with oil market instability,could derail China's economic growth and jeopardize its national energy security.To face such a hurdle,China has been aggressively supporting low-carbon businesses opportunuties over the past decade,has recently announced several plans to cap coal utilization,and is currently the biggest investor in clean energy technologies.Coal-toLiquid(CTL) is one of the most promising clean coal technologies,offering an ideal solution that can meet China's energy demands and environmental expectations.It is widely known that the Shenhua Group has pioneered and is currently leading the commercialization of the Direct Coal Liquefaction(DCL) process in China.This paper highlights a part of the joint research effort undertaken by the National Institute of Clean-and-LowCarbon Energy(NICE) and University of Pittsburgh in order to develop and commercialize the Indirect Coal Liquefaction(ICL) process.In this mission,NICE has built and operated an ICL plant including a large-scale(5.8-m ID and 30-m height) Slurry-Bubble-Column Reactor(SBCR)for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using iron catalyst.The research,conducted at the University of Pittsburgh over the past few years,allowed building a user-friendly Simulator,based on a comprehensive SBCR model integrated with Aspen Plus and is validated using data from the NICE actual ICL plant.In this paper,the Simulator predictions of the performance of the NICE SBCR,operating with ironand cobalt catalysts under four different tail gas recycle strategies:(1) direct recycle;(2) using a Pressure Swing Adsorption(PSA) unit;(3) using a reformer;and(4) using a Chemical looping Combustion(CLC) process,are presented.It should be mentioned also that our joint research effort has laid the foundation for the design of a commercial-scale SBCR for producing one-million tons per annum of environmentally friendly and ultraclean(no sulfur,no nitrogen and virtually no aromatics) transportation fuels,which could greatly contribute to ensuring China's national energy security while curbing its lingering emission problems.
