Assessment of the effects of induced anisometropia on binocularity with glasses-free 3D technique

AIM:To assess the effect of experimentally induced anisometropia on binocularity in normal adults with glassesfree three-dimensional(3D)technique.METHODS:Totally 54 healthy medical students with normal binocularity in the cross-sectional study were enrolled.Anisometropia was induced by placing trail lenses over the right eye,in 0.5 D steps including lenses of-0.5,-1,-1.5,-2,-2.5 D(hyperopic anisometropia)and lenses of+0.5,+1,+1.5,+2,+2.5 D(myopic anisometropia).The glasses-free 3D technique was used to evaluated not only fine stereopsis,but also coarse stereopsis,dynamic stereopsis,foveal suppression,and peripheral suppression in these subjects.One-way analysis of variance was used to compare quantitative data such as fine stereopsis,coarse stereopsis.Pearson’s Chi-square test was performed to compare categorical data such as dynamic stereopsis,foveal suppression and peripheral suppression.RESULTS:The subjects showed a statistically significant decline in fine stereopsis,coarse stereopsis,and dynamic stereopsis with increasing levels of anisometropia(P<0.001).Binocularity was af fected when induced anisometropia was more than 1 D(P<0.05).Foveal suppression and peripheral suppression were evident and increased in proportion to anisometropia(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:The relatively low degrees of anisometropia may have a potentially significant effect on high-grade binocular interaction.The mechanisms underlying the defect of binocularity seem to involve not only foveal suppression,but also peripheral suppression.

Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces apoptosis of intestinal mucosa in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock

Objective: To investigate the early effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions on apoptosis of intestinal mucosa in rats with hemorrhagic shock. Methods: A model of rat with severe hemorrhagic shock was established in 21 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The rats were randomly divided into the sham group, normal saline resuscitation (NS) group, and hypertonic saline resuscitation (HTS) group, with 7 in each group. We detected and compared the apoptosis in small intestinal mucosa of rats after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL), FITC (fluo- rescein-iso-thiocyanate)-Annexin V/PI (propidium iodide) double staining method, and flow cytometry. Results: In the early stage of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, marked apoptosis of small intestinal mucosa in the rats of both NS and HTS groups was observed. The numbers of apoptotic cells in these two groups were significantly greater than that in the sham group (P<0.01). In the HTS group, the apoptic cells significantly decreased, compared with the NS group (P<0.01). Conclusion: In this rat model of severe hemorrhagic shock, the HTS resuscitation of small volume is more effective than the NS resuscitation in reducing apoptosis of intestinal mucosa in rats, which may improve the prognosis of trauma.

Clinical classification of chronic prostatitis:a preliminary investigation

Aim: To propose a practical clinical classification for the chronic prostatitis (CP). Methods: The clinical features and the findings in the expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) in 804 cases of CP patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Four types of CP were identified based on the clinical manifestations and the amounts of white blood cells (WBC) and lecithin in EPS. They were the latent type (85 cases; 10.6%), the common type (423 cases;52.6%), the persisting type (104 cases; 12.9%), and the active type (192 cases, 23.9%). The therapeutic efficacy for these 4 subtypes were 40.4%, 76.8%, 30.8% and 37%, respectively; a statistical difference was noticed between the common type and the persisting type (P<0.01). Conclusion: The method of classification proposed by the authors may help clinicians in the diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of CP. (Asian J Androl 2000 Dec;2:311-313)

Microstructure evolution and liquid phase separation in Ta-O hypermonotectic melts during laser-cladding

A three-layer Ta_2O_5-containing coating was successfully fabricated by laser cladding on a pure Ta substrate. The maximum thickness of such a coating is about 1.6 mm. The microstructure, phase constitution and elemental distribution in the coating were investigated. Results show that the coating has been metallurgically bonded to the Ta substrate and the microstructure exhibits a graded change along the deposition direction from Ta substrate to the top of coating. In the layers I and II of the graded coating, the microstructure evolution can be confi rmed as a result of hypomonotectic reaction, but in the layer Ⅲ it was formed by hypermonotectic reaction. At the top of coating, the microstructure was still homogeneous although liquid phase separation had occurred, which can be attributed to the fact that the O-rich droplets do not have enough time to fl oat at high cooling rate. The theoretical calculation results show that during laser cladding, the solidifi cation time of the melt pool was less than 0.1 s, which fi ts well with the results from the experiment.

siRNA-targeted inhibition of growth hormone receptor in human colon cancer SW480 cells

AIM:To determine the effects of RNAi-mediated inhibition of the growth hormone receptor(GHR)gene on tumors and colon cancer cells in vivo.METHODS:Construction of a eukaryotic vector for human GHR expression,the pcDNA 6.2-GW/EmGFPsmall interfering RNAs(siRNAs)-GHR plasmid,was used to inhibit GHR expression.Thirty-six BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into groups and treated with normal saline(NS),recombinant plasmid(G2),growth hormone(GH),5-fluorouracil(FU),G2+FU or G2+FU+GH.Each nude mouse was subcutaneously inoculated with 1×107human colon cancer SW480 cells;the nude mice were weighed before inoculation and on the 2nd,5th,8th,11th,14thand 17thday after inoculation.All nude mice were sacrificed after 17 d.Each subcutaneous tumor was removed and studied.Tumor volume was measured on the 5th,8th,11th,14thand 17thday after inoculation.The expression of GHR protein in the tumor tissue was detected by Western blotting analysis,and the differences in GHR mRNA expression in the tumor tissue were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:Compared to the control group,the weights of the inoculated nude mice on the 17thday after inoculation were:G2:21.60±0.71 g,GH:21.64±0.45 g,FU:18.94±0.47 g,FU+G2:19.40±0.60 g,G2+FU+GH:21.04±0.78 g vs NS:20.68±0.66 g,P<0.05;the tumor volumes after the subcutaneous inoculation were:G2:9.71±3.82 mm3,FU:11.54±2.42mm3,FU+G2:11.42±1.11 mm3,G2+FU+GH:10.47±1.02 mm3vs NS:116.81±10.61 mm3,P<0.05.Compared to the GH group,the tumor volumes were significantly decreased in the experimental groups.The GHR protein expression(G2:0.39±0.02,FU:0.40±0.02,FU+G2:0.38±0.01,G2+FU+GH:0.39±0.01 vs NS:0.94±0.02,P<0.05)and the GHR mRNA expression(G2:14.12±0.10,FU:15.15±0.44,FU+G2:16.46±0.27,G2+FU+GH:15.37±0.57 vs NS:12.63±0.14,P<0.05)were significantly decreased and increased,respectively,in the experimental groups.CONCLUSION:Inhibition of GHR in human colon cancer SW480 cells resulted in anti-tumor effects in nude mice.

Formation Process and Properties of Phytic Acid Conversion Coatings on Magnesium

A chromium-free conversion coating treatment for magnesium by phytic acid solution was studied. The formation process of phytic acid conversion coating was studied through measuring the open circuit potential (OCP) and weight change of the pure magnesium in the different conversion treatment time. The morphologies and compositions of the coatings were determined by SEM and EDS respectively. The conversion coating has the multideck structure with netlike morphology which is similar to the chromate conversion coating, and is mainly composed of Mg, P, O and C. The contents of C and P and the size of the cracks in different layers decrease from the external layer to the inner layer. The hydroxyl groups and phosphate carboxyl groups in the coating which have the similar properties to organic paintcoat are beneficial to the combination of substrate and organic paintcoat. The formation mechanism and thickness variation of the conversion coatings are also discussed.

The study of the situation of critical thinking emotional tendency of nursing teachers

评判性思维（CT）是护理教育的重要内容,也是护理教师整体素质提高的重要标志.近年来,教育界越来越重视学生CT能力的培养,已将CT与解决问题并列为思维的两大基本技能.20世纪80年代初关于评判性社会的理论被人们引入护理领域,经过了多年的发展,CT已经成为当今国际护理中的研究热点之一.大量研究证实,CT在护理教育、临床实践及护理科研中具有重要的意义.本研究通过研究了解高校护理教师评判性思维情感倾向的总体特质表现,深入分析讨论关于高校护理教师评判性思维情感倾向的相关影响因素,以简单抽样的方法对6所医学高校中的97名护理教师利用问卷调查法进行现状研究.高校护理教师的评判性思维情感倾向总体为正性表现,由于距离评判性思维情感倾向较强的特质表现还有差距则仍要努力使之进一步加强.护理教师其评判性思维情感倾向总分及其各项特质的分数在不同年龄、不同工龄、阅读能力上差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）.建议高校的相关职能部门把护理教师评判性思维情感倾向的培养与提高作为工作中的重中之重,为护理教师评判性思维能力的提升创造发展空间,以更好地促进学生的评判性思维能力.

Root-fed Salicylic Acid in Grape Involves the Response Caused by Aboveground High Temperature

In order to investigate the transportation and distribution of salicylic acid (SA) from root to aboveground tissues in response to high temperature, the roots of grape plant were fed with 14C-SA before high temperature treatment. Radioactivity results showed that progressive increase in SA transportation from root to aboveground as compared with the control varied exactly with the heat treatment time. Radioactivity results of leaves at different stem heights indicated that the increase in SA amount at the top and middle leaves during the early period was most significant in comparison with the bottom leaves. The up-transportation of SA from root to aboveground tissues was dependent on xylem rather than phloem. Auto- radiographs of whole grape plants strongly approved the conclusions drawn above. Root-derived SA was believed to be a fundamental source in response to aboveground high temperature.

Jasmonic Acid is Induced in a Biphasic Manner in Response of Pea Seedlings to Wounding

The role of jasmonic acid (JA) in plant wounding response has been demonstrated.However,the source of JA in wound signaling remains unclear.In the present study,pea seedlings were used as material to investigate the systemic induction of JA and the activation of lipoxygenase (LOX)-dependent octadecanoid pathway upon wounding.The results showed that endogenous JA could induce two peaks in the wounded leaves and the stalks,while only one peak in the systemic leaves.LOX activity and its protein amount were also induced and the stimulation mainly occurred in the late phase,while one peak of induction was present after pretreatment with JA.Applied nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA),an inhibitor of LOX activity,only inhibited the induction of JA in the late phase,and the resistance of pea was impaired.Furthermore,13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-H(P)ODE) was confirmed to be the main product of LOX throughout the experimental time.In addition,immunocytochemical analysis also revealed the occurrence of JA biosynthesis and transport upon wounding.These results demonstrated that wound-induced JA in wounded leaves resulted from its biosynthesis and conversion from its conjugates,while in systemic leaves resulted from its transport and biosynthesis; and proved that the LOX pathway was vital to the wound-induced defense response involved in JA biosynthesis.