Time Trends of Cancer Incidence in Urban Beijing,1998-2007

Objective：To report the time trends of cancer incidence in urban Beijing from 1998 to 2007.Methods：All data were obtained from Beijing Cancer Registry from 1998-2007 in urban Beijing.Time trends of incidence rate of cancer were assessed by annual percentage change（APC） of age-standardized incidence rate（ASR） of world standard population during this 10-year period.Results：For all 156851 cancer cases combined,the incidence rate rose in both males and females,with an APC of 2.23% and 3.74%,respectively.The incidence rate of upper gastrointestinal cancers declined significantly,with an APC of-2.83% in esophageal cancer and-1.37% in male gastric cancer,while lower gastrointestinal cancer,such as colorectal cancer,increased with an APC of 4.08%.The rates of kidney and bladder cancer increased with an APC of 7.93% and 5.57%,respectively.For women,the APC continued to rise in breast cancer（4.98%）,ovary cancer（6.16%）,cervix uteri cancer（11.74%）,corpus uteri cancer（6.96%） and thyroid gland cancer（13.39%）.The rate of prostate cancer among men increased with an APC of 8.58%;the rate of lymphoma and leukemia increased with APC of 5.48% and 5.44%,respectively.Conclusion：Because of population aging and urban modernization,the cancer burden in Beijing has become more and more severe and similar to the western developed countries.

A quality requirements model and verification approach for system of systems based on description logic

System of systems engineering(So SE) involves the complex procedure of translating capability needs into the high-level requirements for system of systems(So S) and evaluating how the SoS quality requirements meet their capability needs. One of the key issues is to model the So S requirements and automate the verification procedure. To solve the problem of modeling and verification, meta-models are proposed to refine both functional and non-functional characteristics of the So S requirements. A domain-specific modeling language is defined by extending Unified Modeling Language(UML) class and association with fuzzy constructs to model the vague and uncertain concepts of the SoS quality requirements. The efficiency evaluation function of the cloud model is introduced to evaluate the efficiency of the SoS quality requirements. Then a concise algorithm transforms the fuzzy UML models into the description logic(DL) ontology so that the verification can be automated with a DL reasoner. This method implements modeling and verification of high-level So S quality requirements. A crisp case is used to facilitate and demonstrate the correctness and feasibility of this method.