Study on risk assessment and factors ranking of the LTE-M communication system

To assess the operational safety risk of long-term evolution for the metro(LTE-M)communication system more accurately,the guide maintenance strategy,the improved evidence theory and the multi-attribute ideal reality comparative analysis(MAIRCA)approaches are proposed.According to the features of LTE-M system,the risk evaluation system is established.The enhanced structural entropy weight method is used to obtain the weight.Furthermore,it is combined with nine-element fuzzy mathematics to transform the degree of membership,modifying the conflict and fusion rules to solve the confidence degree clashed problem of evidence theory.Then,the system risk grade assessment result is obtained.For the purpose of forming the ranking of indicator importance,the MAIRCA is introduced and the ranking is three-dimensional.The operational state of the metro line is used as the data source in various ways the obtained risk grade increased by 7.12%.It is verified that MAIRCA can be applied to the field of urban rail transit because it has based on the test and calculation.The results show that the method is effective;compared with others,the confidence degree of excellent stability and the ranking result of risk factors is reasonable.The influencing indicator with the highest importance is the'equipment failure rate".

四姑娘山国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性初步调查

物种的分布与多度对我们理解生态过程、实施保护管理以及评估全球变化的影响都非常重要。2017年5–12月,我们按照公里网格在四川省四姑娘山国家级自然保护区共布设60台固定位点红外相机,调查了保护区内主要沟系的兽类和鸟类多样性。本次调查累计11,013个相机工作日,共拍摄到31种兽类和鸟类,隶属7目18科,包括5种国家一级和10种国家二级重点保护野生动物,被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)、易危(VU)和近危(NT)的野生动物分别有2种、5种和3种。其中,相对多度指数居于兽类前五位的是毛冠鹿(Elaphoduscephalophus)、水鹿(Rusa unicolor)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris);相对多度指数居于鸟类前五位的则是血雉(Ithaginiscruentus)、白马鸡(Crossoptiloncrossoptilon)、大噪鹛(Garrulaxmaximus)、雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus)和灰头鸫(Turdus rubrocanus)。由于局域性气候、植被类型和地形结构的不同,使四姑娘山国家级自然保护区与毗邻的卧龙国家级自然保护区存在动物群落结构的差异。本调查初步掌握了四姑娘山保护区内大中型兽类和林下活动鸟类的种类组成和相对多度。

TRHH-herb pair prevents IL-1β-induced degeneration of endplate chondrocytes in vitro

The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta （IL-1β） plays a key role in the process of intervertebral disc degenera- tion （IVDD）. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of pharmaco-serum of ＂Taoren-Honghua-herb pair＂ on IL-1β- induced chondrocyte degeneration in vitro. Taoren （Semen persicae） and Honghua （Safflower carthamus） were administered to the rats, and the pharmaco-serum was collected and prepared. Chondrocytes of the third passage, isolated from the rat＇s vertebral endplates, were treated by standard medium only （Group NC）, IL-1β （Group IL） or combination of IL-1β and pharmaco-serum （Group TRHH）. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined, and the expression of aggrecan, Col2ul, Coll0ul, IL-6 and SOX9 at the mRNA level in chondrocytes was quantified by real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry staining of type II and X collagen and Safranine O staining were also used to evaluate the chondrocytes. Compared with the Group NC, IL-1β treatment inhibited the cell proliferation and induced the cell apoptosis （P〈0.05）, and the expression of aggrecan, Col2αl and SOX9 at the mRNA level was down-regulated. In contrast, the expression of Coll0ul and IL-6 was up-regulated after IL-1β treatment （P〈0.05）. Meanwhile, the immune-staining of type II collagen and Safranine O staining were decreased, while the staining of type X collagen was increased. Compared with the Group IL, cell proliferation was increased, and apoptosis of chondrocytes was decreased when cells were treated with the pharmaco-semm of TRHH-herb pair （P〈0.05）. The expression of aggrecan, Col2cd and SOX9 at the mRNA level was up-regulated, while that of Coll0cd and IL-6 was down-regulated （P〈0.05）. Saffanine O staining also showed increased positive staining （P〈0.05）. Taken together, the treatment of pharmaco-serum of TRHH-herb pair could prevent endplate chondrocyte degeneration induced by IL-1β.

Electrolyzed water and its application in animal houses

Electrolyzed water(EW) can be produced by electrolysis of a dilute salt solution. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water(SAEW, p H 5.0–6.5) and neutral electrolyzed water(NEW, p H 6.5–8.5) are considered healthy and environmentally friendly because no hazardous chemicals are added in its production, there is reduced corrosion of surfaces and it minimizes the potential for damage to animal and human health. Over the last decade, EW has become increasingly popular as an alternative disinfectant for decontamination in animal houses. However, there have been some issues related to EW that are not well known, including different mechanisms for generation of SAEW and NEW, and the antimicrobial mechanism of EW. This review covers the definitions of SAEW and NEW, different generation systems for SAEW and NEW, the antimicrobial mechanism of EW, and recent developments related to the application of SAEW and NEW in animal houses.

Optimum insulation thickness for the sandwich structure livestock buildings external envelopes in different climate regions of China

Determining the optimum insulation thicknesses of external envelopes for livestock buildings are one of the most effective metrics to decrease energy requirements.This study was carried out to determine the optimum insulation thicknesses for livestock buildings in different climate zones,to examine the effects of insulation thickness and material(foam glass,mineral wool,expanded polystyrene,foamed polyurethane,foamed polyvinyl chloride,and expanded polyethylene)on life cycle total cost,life cycle savings,and payback period.The finishing pig houses and laying hen buildings with sandwich wall structures(color steel laminboard)in five typical cities were studied using the degree-days method with economic models.Optimal insulation thicknesses ranged from 0.05 m to 0.25 m and 0.02 m to 0.24 m in finishing pig houses and poultry buildings,respectively;the life cycle total costs ranged from 16.49 to 37.98$/m2 and 13.37 to 36.84$/m2;the life cycle savings ranged from 29.13 to 220.60$/m2 and 0 to 202.13$/m2;and the payback period ranged from 1.11 to 5.81 years and 1.19 to 20.76 years,respectively.Foamed polyurethane provided the highest life cycle savings,while foam glass had the lowest.In this research,the insulation thicknesses for the sandwich structure livestock buildings external envelopes are optimized,and the energy saving can be obtained by using proper insulation thickness in different regions.Furthermore,it can increase the knowledge about energy consumption in the livestock buildings and the results can be also a useful tool for farmers.

Reducing feather pecking and cloacal cannibalism by providing layer breeders with nest boxes in colony cages for natural mating

Colony cages for natural mating have been applied on many layer breeder farms.However,feather pecking and cloacal cannibalism are considered as prominent problems for these systems.This study aimed to investigate the effects on feather pecking and vent pecking behaviors by providing layer breeders with nest boxes(0.90 m L×0.40 m W×0.60 m H)in colony cages for natural mating(4.80 m L×1.20 m W×0.71 m H).Video recording and artificial observation were adopted.The results showed that the usage of nest boxes gradually increased from the beginning of nest boxes providing at the age of 37 weeks to the end of the experiment at the age of 55 weeks.The utilization rates of nest boxes were 36.75%,44.75%and 50.38%at the ages of 41 weeks,47 weeks and 53 weeks,respectively.The hens in the cages without nest boxes showed significantly more frequent gentle feather pecks(both given and received)than hens in the cages with nest boxes at the ages of 41 weeks,47 weeks and 53 weeks.A decreasing trend of gentle feather pecking frequency(both given and received)was found with the increasing age for both the two groups.No significant difference was found in the number of given or received severe feather pecks at the age of 41 weeks.The hens in the cages without nest boxes showed a significantly higher frequency of given and received severe feather pecks than hens in the cages with nest boxes at the ages of 47 weeks and 53 weeks(p<0.05).Both cannibalistic injury occurrence and mortality rate in the cages with nest boxes were significantly lower than those in the cages without nest boxes.In conclusion,providing nest boxes in colony cages for natural mating could decrease abnormal pecking behaviors and improve animal welfare conditions of layer breeders.

Adaptability of pullets from cages to a large cage aviary unit system during the initial settling-in period

Pullets often raised in cage system from week 1 to week 13 in China,when transferred to aviary system after,there will be a problem with adapt.A large cage aviary unit(LCAU)system was developed,which allocated with facilities such as ramps to help cage reared hens to adapt to the multi-tier space.To investigate hens’adaptability to the new system,space use over time in the LCAU system during the first 10 days after hens transferred were recorded,instantaneous scan sampling and continuous focal sampling were used to assess the behavior difference of hens between the LCAU and conventional cage(CC)systems.On the first day of arrival,10.03% of hens reached the second tier(S2)and the third tier(S3)of the aviary.During the observation period,an average of 2.42% of hens climbed and stayed at the upper tiers every day.Space allowance on floor of the first tier(S1)increased from 444.62 cm^(2)/hen(91 d)to 586.32 cm^(2)/hen(100 d),which was more than 540 cm^(2)/hen in the CC system.Comfort behaviors in the LCAU system were significantly more than in the CC system(p<0.01)and hens performed more comfort behaviors with the increase of days after transferred.Hens ate and drank less in the LCAU system in the beginning,however,with the increasing use of upper space,hens ate and drank more and more in the LCAU system during the 10 days after transferred from CC system.Consequently,there were no difference of feed behavior between the CC and LCAU systems(p>0.05)on the last 5 days of the whole observing period.The results indicated that hens gradually learned to use the 3-dimensional space in the initial settling-in period and,gained a good welfare condition in LCAU system.Further studies are needed to investigate the three-dimensional preferences and behavior expression in difference period to bridge the gap in knowledge of space use capacity among adult laying hens.