Simultaneous enhancements of strength and toughness by multiscale lamellar structure in Ti_(2)AlNb based intermetallic

Multi-scale lamellar structure significantly improves toughness of Ti_(2)AlNb based alloys,which are inher-ently brittle intermetallics,without compromising their strength.This structure was achieved through-B2-transus-forging(TBTF)combined with O+B2 two-phase region heat treatments.Various types of multi-scale lamellar structures were obtained by controlling the cooling rate after TBTF.These variations were mainly attributed to differences in the distribution,content,and size of the thick lamellar O phase and the size and crystallographic orientation of B2 grain.By analyzing the microstructural characteristics and crystallographic orientation near the crack propagation path,it was found that the crack propaga-tion resistance of thick lamellae,sub grain and grain boundaries(GBs)O phase increased sequentially,accompanied by more tortuous crack propagation path.Moreover,B2 grains with high misorientation significantly deflected the crack propagation by cleavage ridges between adjoining cleavage planes.Addi-tionally,the development of numerous secondary cleavage ridges,resulting from the transition through varying secondary cleavage planes in distinct sub B2 grains,further hindered the quick propagation of cracks.It was clarified that the cleavage planes were dominantly belonging to{110}.These findings pro-vided valuable guidance for the design of damage tolerance strategies for Ti_(2)AlNb-based intermetallics.

Variant selection, coarsening behavior of α phase and associated tensile properties in an α+β titanium alloy

Effect of cooling rates,i.e.,air cooling and furnace cooling,after solution in α+β phase-field on variant selection,coarsening behavior of α phase and microstructure evolution were investigated in α+β TC21 alloy.The textures of primary α(α_(p))and lamellar α(α_(L))in β phase transformation microstructure(β_(t))were analysed separately,and the orientation relationship among α_(p),α_(L) and the parent β phase were studied.In addition,the influence of the microstructure characteristics on the tensile properties was investigated.The results showed that all parent β grains,despite their different orientations,produced 12 ideal α_(L) variants with the same texture components and interweave to form a basketweave β_(t) structure under the air-cooling condition.The α_(p) without Burgers orientation relationship(BOR)with β phase exhibited obviously texture component without overlapping theαL texture component.The volume fraction of α_(p) in the furnace-cooled sample(about 50%)was higher than that of the air-cooled sample(about 12%),while the size of it slightly increased with decreasing the cooling rate.In each β grain,the thick α_(L) in the same orientation formed anαcolony.A typical 3 variant colonies which were related to each other were observed.Consequently,the α_(L) spatial orientation distribution showed more heterogeneity.Moreover,the BOR between α_(p) and β and the same orientation of some α_(L) and the surrounding α_(p) grains resulting in the overlapping of α_(p) texture component and α_(L) texture component.At last,the relationship between microstructure and tensile properties was analysed.

退火气氛中CO_(2)含量及加热时间对钢坯氧化的影响

在热轧加热炉中,燃气热值的波动会带来退火气氛的变化,钢坯在炉停留时间也会受生产节奏变化的影响产生变化,从而造成钢坯氧化难以预测和控制。本工作在1250℃的加热温度及CO_(2)+N;的气氛下进行实验,研究了CO_(2)含量和加热时间对钢坯氧化行为的影响。结果表明,钢坯氧化动力学曲线分为线型和抛物线两个阶段,随着CO_(2)含量的增加,线型阶段缩短,该阶段的氧化增重也减少;在抛物线阶段,抛物线速率常数k_(p)与CO_(2)含量呈对数关系。钢坯表面氧化层分为致密层和疏松层,致密层位于氧化层外侧,由Fe_(3)O_(4)及其还原产物FeO组成;疏松层位于致密层/金属基体之间,由FeO及其先共析产物Fe_(3)O_(4)组成。疏松层存在孔洞,并且CO_(2)含量越高孔洞越多。

Analysis of crystallographic orientation and morphology of microstructure during hot working for an alpha/beta titanium alloy

This work focuses on analysis of microstructure morphology and crystallographic orientation for Ti-17 alloy during hot working.The results show that alpha phase and beta phase influence each other and there is a coordinate deformation between them.The non-uniform deformation is observed under small deformation conditions.The observing area can be divided into small deformation zone(area L)and large deformation zone(area H).Both alpha and beta phases remain the initial morphology,and they have better capability of coordinate deformation in area L,while coordinate capability is weak in area H in which alpha phase is globularized.Correspondingly,the Burgers orientation relations are well preserved in area L,but the orientation relations are more or less destroyed in area H.Dynamic recovery is the main mechanism of beta phase evolution when height reduction is lower.By contrast,the continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)of beta phase gradually dominates the deformation pattern as the deformation increases.An uniformly globularized alpha structure is obtained under large deformation condition.The unsynchronized rotation of alpha phase around<11-20>pole occurs during deformation,which leads to the uniform crystal structure inside the same alpha lamellae.This process is an important step of globularization of the lamellar structure.

Effects of thermal and electrical histories on structure and dielectric behaviors of(Li_(0.5)Nd_(0.5))^(2+)-modified(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)-BaTiO_(3) ceramics

The effect of thermal and electrical histories on structure and dielectric behaviors is studied using 0.95(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))_(0.97)(Li_(0.5)Nd_(0.5))_(0.03)TiO_(3)-0.05BaTiO_(3)(abbreviated as BNTLN0.03-BT5)ceramic as a selected system.Subtle structure change caused by annealing treatment,and pronounced phase transition and domain switching by electrical poling,are observed to occur,respectively.The dielectric constant and its strong frequency dispersion in unpoled samples decrease evidently by electrical poling due to electric field-induced ordered domain.The high temperature Maxwell-Wagner relaxor behavior vanishes by annealing treatment due to the loss of electrical inhomogeneity with interface charging effects.Piezoelectric properties are improved evidently by annealing treatment at 900℃,implying a new appropriate method to improve piezoelectric properties.

Dielectric behaviors and relaxor characteristics in Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)-BaTiO_(3) ceramics

Microstructure and dielectric behaviors of heating/cooling and bias-field were investigated in lead-free ceramics(1-x)Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)-xBaTiO_(3)(BNT-xBT,x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08 and 0.10).The relaxor characters and the Vogel–Fulcher law of frequency-dependent dielectric properties were analyzed.Three dielectric anomalies with pronounced frequency dispersion at Td,a maximum dielectric with variable frequency-dispersion at Tm and a third Maxwell–Wagner-type relaxation over a wide temperature range in high-temperature region were observed.The significant dielectric thermal hysteresis,low barrier energy,high freezing temperature in heating process and the maximum dielectric tunability appeared in x=0.4 ceramic.

A new insight into structural complexity in ferroelectric ceramics

The structure of the ferroelectrics has been widely studied in order to pursuing the origin of high electromechanical responses. However, some experiments on structure of ferroelectrics have yielded different results. Here, we report that the controversial phase structure is due to the adaptive diffraction of nanodomains which hides the natural crystal structure, and the electric-field-induced phase transition is that the natural crystal structure reappears due to the coalescent nanodomains or ordering nanodomains by applying a high electric field. The temperature dependence of dielectric constant with different measurement frequencies and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of unpoled, poled, and annealing after poled ceramics in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–BaTiO3 (BNT–BT) ceramics authenticate the statement. These results provide a new insight into the origin of structural complexity in ferroelectric ceramics, which is related to the key role of nanodomains.