Change of Mineral Elements and Amino Acids in <i>Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis</i>Leaves under Cd Treatment

The objective of this paper is to research the effects of CdCl2 treatment on mineral elements and amino acids in leaves of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis. The seedlings of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis with 6 leaf were cultured in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solutions of different CdCl2 treatments (0, 0.5, 5 and 10 mg·L-1), respectively. The mineral elements and amino acids of the leaves in Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis were measured in the day 30. Compared with the control (0 mg·L-1 CdCl2), the treatments significantly decreased the contents of Mg, Fe and Zn in the tested leaves and obviously increased the contents of Cd in the experimental leaves. As to Ca and Mn, low concentration Cd treatment (0.5 mg·L-1 CdCl2) promoted their absorption, however, high concentration Cd treatments (5 and 10 mg·L-1 CdCl2) inhibited their absorption. The metabolism pathway and content of amino acids in the Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis leaves under Cd treatment were modified, the content of amino acids in the glycolate pathway became larger than that in control, the content of amino acids in the pyruvic acid synthesis pathway and tyrosine and phenylalanine became smaller than that in control, the content of other amino acids also had made a certain degree change. The results provided the important basis for safety production and quality evaluation of leaves in Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis.

Effect of Acid Treatment on Root Architecture in Seedlings of <i>Malus hupehensis</i>var. <i>pingyiensis</i>

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of acid treatment on root morphology and architecture in seedlings of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis. The rootstock seedlings were cultured in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solutions of different pH (pH 4, pH 4.5, pH 5 and pH 6), respectively. The parameters of root architecture were measured in the day 4, 8 and 12 with the professional WinRHIZO 2007. Compared with the control (pH 6), the treatments significantly decreased the fractal dimension, length, diameter, surface area and volume of roots in day 8 and 12, and they kept decreasing followed the increase of the acidity and treatment time. The growth of lateral roots was more susceptible to acid treatment than taproots. In addition, the acid treatment mainly inhibited the growth of rootlets, significantly decreased the proportion of rootlets that changed the composition of roots, and then simplified the space structure of roots.

Effects of Lignin on Root Activity and Soil Nutrients of <i>Malus hupehensis</i>. var. <i>pingyiensis</i>under the Use of Organic Fertilizer

One-year Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis seedlings potted in soil mixed with 10% or 40% organic fertilizer were treated with two concentrations of lignin (1.5 and 2.5 g·kg-1), and detected the effects of lignin on root activity and soil nutrients in rhizosphere soil of Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis. (1) Lignin improved root activity of Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis, increased soil available nitrogen contents and soil organic matter contents. (2) Under 10% organic fertilizer, lignin improved soil available P and K contents. The root activity in Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis was the largest in 2.5 g·kg-1?lignin treatment. (3) Under 40% organic fertilizer, compared with the CK2 (the treatment of soil with organic fertilizer content 40%), lignin decreased the content of rhizosphere soil available K. 1.5 g·kg-1 lignin treatment had obviously increased the content of soil available P. The root activity was the largest in 2.5 g·kg-1 lignin treatment, while the content of rhizosphere soil available K lowered 8.5% compared with that of CK2 in the same treatment. Lignin changed the soil nutrients, 2.5 g·kg-1 lignin significantly improved root activity of Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis. The results provided a theoretical basis for the regulation of root activity and soil nutrients in Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis.

HTR2A agonists play a therapeutic role by restricting ILC2 activation in papain-induced lung inflammation

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells(ILC2s)are a category of heterogeneous cells that produce the cytokines IL-5 and IL-13,which mediate the type 2 immune response.However,specific drug targets on lung ILC2s have rarely been reported.Previous studies have shown that type 2 cytokines,such as IL-5 and IL-13,are related to depression.Here,we demonstrated the negative correlation between the depression-associated monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin and secretion of the cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 by ILC2s in individuals with depression.Interestingly,serotonin ameliorates papain-induced lung inflammation by suppressing ILC2 activation.Our data showed that the serotonin receptor HTR2A was highly expressed on ILC2s from mouse lungs and human PBMCs.Furthermore,an HTR2A selective agonist(DOI)impaired ILC2 activation and alleviated the type 2 immune response in vivo and in vitro.Mice with ILC2-specific depletion of HTR2A(Il5^(cre/+)·Htr2a^(flox/flox)mice)abolished the DOI-mediated inhibition of ILC2s in a papain-induced mouse model of inflammation.In conclusion,serotonin and DOI could restrict the type 2 lung immune response,indicating a potential treatment strategy for type 2 lung inflammation by targeting HTR2A on ST2+ILC2s.

人工智能影响就业的多重效应与影响机制:综述与展望

相比自动化对体力劳动的替代,新一代人工智能通过改变劳动分工与人力资本价值结构将更为彻底地颠覆未来就业市场。为更加深入地了解人工智能对就业总量、就业结构的影响效应与作用机制,本文以矛盾对立视角剖析人工智能与就业领域的对立观点、分歧观点与新观点,前瞻解决分歧的思路与方法 ,研究发现新一代人工智能影响就业的关键在于大范围重组工作任务并改变工作技能标准,通过技能溢价加重了就业极化、收入不平等现象,而深层原因在于人工智能削弱了低技能工人从劳动产品中获得生存资料的能力,加强了高技能工人从劳动产品中获得生存资料的能力,人力资本积累的差距日益拉大。然而,人工智能重塑任务与技能的路径仍不明确,现有研究范式与研究方法也存在局限。未来要加强微观层次异质性研究探讨人机融合工作方式与通识技能结构调整对高质量就业的积极作用,为人工智能赋予新的意义。

TRIM34 attenuates colon inflammation and tumorigenesis by sustaining barrier integrity

Loss of the colonic inner mucus layer leads to spontaneously severe colitis and colorectal cancer.However,key host factors that may control the generation of the inner mucus layer are rarely reported.Here,we identify a novel function of TRIM34 in goblet cells(GCs)in controlling inner mucus layer generation.Upon DSS treatment,TRIM34 deficiency led to a reduction in Muc2 secretion by GCs and subsequent defects in the inner mucus layer.This outcome rendered TRIM34-deficient mice more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer.Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that TRIM34 controlled TLR signaling-induced Nox/Duox-dependent ROS synthesis,thereby promoting the compound exocytosis of Muc2 by colonic GCs that were exposed to bacterial TLR ligands.Clinical analysis revealed that TRIM34 levels in patient samples were correlated with the outcome of ulcerative colitis(UC)and the prognosis of rectal adenocarcinoma.This study indicates that TRIM34 expression in GCs plays an essential role in generating the inner mucus layer and preventing excessive colon inflammation and tumorigenesis.

Junctional and somatic hypermutation-induced CX4C motif is critical for the recognition of a highly conserved epitope on HCV E2 by a human broadly neutralizing antibody

Induction of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies(bNAbs)that bind to the viral envelope glycoproteins is a major goal of hepatitis C virus(HCV)vaccine research.The study of bNAbs arising in natural infection is essential in this endeavor.We generated a human antibody,8D6,recognizing the E2 protein of HCV isolated from a chronic hepatitis C patient.This antibody shows broadly neutralizing activity,which covers a pan-genotypic panel of cell culture-derived HCV virions(HCVcc).Functional and epitope analyses demonstrated that 8D6 can block the interaction between E2 and CD81 by targeting a highly conserved epitope on E2.We describe how the 8D6 lineage evolved via somatic hypermutation to achieve broad neutralization.We found that the V(D)J recombination-generated junctional and somatic hypermutation-induced disulfide bridge(C-C)motif in the CDRH3 is critical for the broad neutralization and binding activity of 8D6.This motif is conserved among a series of broadly neutralizing HCV antibodies,indicating a common binding model.Next,the 8D6 inferred germline(iGL)was reconstructed and tested for its binding affinity and neutralization activity.Interestingly,8D6 iGL-mediated relatively strong inhibition of the 1b genotype PR79L9 strain,suggesting that PR79L9 may serve as a potential natural viral strain that provides E2 sequences that induce bNAbs.Overall,our detailed epitope mapping and genetic studies of the HCV E2-specific mAb 8D6 have allowed for further refinement of antigenic sites on E2 and reveal a new mechanism to generate a functional CDRH3,while its iGL can serve as a probe to identify potential HCV vaccine strains.