Combined linkage and association mapping reveals two major QTL for stripe rust adult plant resistance in Shaanmai 155 and their haplotype variation in common wheat germplasm

The development and deployment of diverse resistance sources in new wheat cultivars underpin the durable control of stripe rust.In the present study,two loci for adult plant resistance(APR),QYr SM155.1 and QYr SM155.2,were identified in the Chinese wheat breeding line Shaanmai 155.QYr SM155.1 was mapped to a 3.0-c M interval between the single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers AX-109583610 and AX-110907562 on chromosome arm 2 BL.QYr SM155.2 was mapped to a 2.1-c M interval flanked by the SNP markers AX-110378556 and AX-86173526 on chromosome arm 7 AS.A genome-wide association study was used to identify markers associated with APR in a panel of 411 spring wheat lines.Thirteen and 11 SNPs were significantly associated with QYr SM155.1 and QYr SM155.2,respectively,corresponding to physical intervals of 653.75–655.52 Mb on 2 BL and 81.63–83.93 Mb on7 AS.To characterize the haplotype variation and the distribution of these QTL,haplotype analysis was performed based on these SNPs in an independent panel of 1101 worldwide wheat accessions.Three major haplotypes(2 B_h1,2 B_h2,and 2 B_h3)for QYr SM155.1 and four major haplotypes(7 A_h1,7 A_h2,7 A_h3,and 7 A_h4)for QYr SM155.2 were identified.Accessions individually harboring QYr SM155.1_h1 and QYr SM155.2_h1 haplotypes and their combination displayed resistance.Additional assays of 1306 current Chinese cultivars and breeding lines using markers flanking QYr SM155.1 and QYr SM155.2 indicated that the resistance haplotypes of the two QTL were present in respectively 1.45%and 14.16%of lines.Increasing resistance haplotype frequencies at these two loci using marker-assisted selection should benefit wheat production in China.

国家资历框架内涵研究——基于多个国家和地区资历框架文本的分析

我国的“十三五”规划明确提出要“制定国家资历框架”,却因各种原因至今未能在国家政策层面有所突破。国家资历框架的内涵及其重要性无法在社会各界形成统一认识是其中重要的原因之一。文章试图通过对多个国家和地区资历框架文本的分析,从资历框架的构建初衷、表现形式和实施路径三个维度着手,对资历框架的内涵进行剖析。文章认为,虽然不同国家和地区构建资历框架的初衷各有不同,表现形式大相径庭,实施过程也各行其是,但从本质上看资历框架是关系一个国家或地区整体教育制度改革的一项顶层设计,旨在促进教育、培训系统与劳动力市场之间的有效衔接,贯通各类人才培养渠道,为社会经济发展提供人力资本,并最终在全社会范围内建立一个公平、优质、高效的终身学习体系。