原子级制造的关键基础科学问题

人类的制造技术逐步向原子级推进,原子作为化学反应中的最小粒子,虽然它可以分成更小的原子核、电子等,但是从制造的角度看,原子级制造可以说是人类制造的最底层技术,也是继微纳制造之后新的制造范式,可将制造精度以及产品性能推向极致水平,代表着人类对物质世界认知和制造能力发展的新阶段,是引领未来产业变革发展的战略性技术,也是保障国家安全和推动国计民生重大装备跨代升级的重要前沿方向。本文基于第330期双清论坛总结了原子级制造的研究现状、发展趋势及机遇挑战,凝练出未来5~10年原子级制造的焦点问题和亟需解决的关键科学问题,探讨了相关领域的前沿发展方向和科学基金资助战略。

原子级制造测量与表征研究现状综述

原子级制造是指将能量作用于原子,通过原子级材料的可控去除或者原子/分子级结构的大规模操控及组装,实现产品性能与功能跃迁的前沿制造技术,是一种可以大规模、批量化的先进制造技术。该过程需要在10-10m空间尺度下精确操控原子。同时,制造过程中原子的键合时间、电子动力学变化均发生在飞秒(10-15s)至阿秒(10-18s)量级。因此,只有具备超快时间和空间分辨在线检测与表征能力,才能够深入了解并利用原子级制造过程中原子尺度的新原理、新效应,保障原子级制造的可达性与可控性;只有实现原子级制造过程的高通量、大范围的在线监测,才能保障原子级制造的可靠性。基于此,原子级制造的测量与表征是指在原子级的时间、空间、能量尺度上对材料、结构或器件进行精确的测量和表征,以保障原子级制造的可达性、可控性与可靠性。本文介绍了原子级制造所需的测量表征手段的研究现状,从原子级超快动力学过程观测、原子结构演变原位表征、原子级制造过程在线质量监测三大方向进行系统梳理,总结了目前原子级制造测量与表征的挑战并针对未来发展给出建议。

Manifesting viscosity changes in lipid droplets during iodined CT contrast media treatment by the real-time and in situ fluorescence imaging

Computed tomography(CT) is one of the most commonly used non-invasive clinical imaging modalities to predict, diagnose and treat the disease. Iodinated contrast media(ICM) is a form of intravenous radiocontrast agent containing iodine, which enhances the visibility of hollow tissue structures in medical CT imaging. ICM may cause allergic reactions, contrast-induced nephropathy, hyperthyroidism and possibly metformin accumulation. It is significant to find out the risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of adverse reactions caused by ICM. Revealing the changes of the lipid droplets(LDs)viscosity in pathophysiological processes such as cancer and iodined contrast media induced adverse reaction is not only important for monitoring the occurrence and development of some pathophysiological processes but also vital for the deep insight of the biological effects of LDs in these pathophysiological processes. A lipid droplets targeted fluorescent probe DN-1 was devised to sense cellular viscosity alteration with high selectivity and sensitivity, which was applied to distinguish cancer cells and normal cells and reveal viscosity changes during iodined CT contrast media treatment.

Enhancing the expansion of a plasma shockwave by crater-induced laser refocusing in femtosecond laser ablation of fused silica

The dynamics of plasma and shockwave expansion during two femtosecond laser pulse ablation of fused silica are studied using a time-resolved shadowgraph imaging technique. The experimental results reveal that during the second pulse irradiation on the crater induced by the first pulse, the expansion of the plasma and shockwave is enhanced in the longitudinal direction. The plasma model and Fresnel diffraction theory are combined to calculate the laser intensity distribution by considering the change in surface morphology and transient material properties. The theoretical results show that after the free electron density induced by the rising edge of the pulse reaches the critical density, the originally transparent surface is transformed into a transient high-reflectivity surface(metallic state). Thus, the crater with a concave-lens-like morphology can tremendously reflect and refocus the latter part of the laser pulse, leading to a strong laser field with an intensity even higher than the incident intensity. This strong refocused laser pulse results in a stronger laser-induced air breakdown and enhances the subsequent expansion of the plasma and shockwave. In addition, similar shadowgraphs are also recorded in the single-pulse ablation of a concave microlens, providing experimental evidence for the enhancement mechanism.

Structure-Mediated Excitation of Air Plasma and Silicon Plasma Expansion in Femtosecond Laser Pulses Ablation

Femtosecond laser-induced surface structures upon multiple pulses irradiation are strongly correlated with the pulse number,which in turn signifcantly afects successive laser-material interactions.By recording the dynamics of femtosecond laser ablation of silicon using time-resolved shadowgraphy,here we present direct visualization of the excitation of air plasma induced by the refected laser during the second pulse irradiation.Te interaction of the air plasma and silicon plasma is found to enhance the shockwave expansion induced by silicon ablation in the longitudinal direction,showing anisotropic expansion dynamics in diferent directions.We further demonstrate the vanishing of air plasma as the pulse number increases because of the generation of a rough surface without light focusing ability.In the scenario,the interaction of air plasma and silicon plasma disappears;the expansion of the silicon plasma and shockwave restores its original characteristic that is dominated by the laser-material coupling.Te results show that the excitation of air plasma and the laser-material coupling involved in laser-induced plasma and shockwave expansion are structure mediated and dependent on the pulse number,which is of fundamental importance for deep insight into the nature of laser-material interactions during multiple pulses ablation.

Lysosome-targeting red fluorescent probe for broad carboxylesterases detection in breast cancer cells

Available online The abnormal carboxylesterase(CES)expression is closely related to many diseases such as hyperlipidemia,atherosclerosis,obesity,liver cancer,type 2 diabetes mellitus and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.The detection of a single enzyme in practical samples is often constrained by the structural diversity of CESs.Thus,the development of broad-carboxylesterase responsive fluorescent probe,which can detect the presence of wide variety of CESs,may provide overall or category information from another point of view,supplementing the deficiency of single detection for CES subspecies.Organelle lysosome is involved in various cell processes,such as cell signaling,apoptosis,secretion,and energy metabolism.Up to date,lysosome-targeted fluorescent probes,especially those with red emission(over 550 nm,with relatively low biological harmfulness),for CES detection are still rare.A lysosomes-targeted red fluorescent probe CES-Lyso was designed to monitor intracellular a variety of carboxylesterases alteration with wonderful selectivity and sensitivity,which was further applied to distinguish different derived breast cancer cells and monitor carboxylesterase activity in the anticancer drug treatment.