“哈耶克矛盾”与“诺思悖论”:Social Orders自发生成演化抑或理性设计建构的理论之惑

哈耶克与诺思,是影响当代人们思想认识的两大思想家和诺贝尔经济学奖得主。他们均是从大范围人类社会演变历史来构建他们的理论观点的。在哈耶克的经济社会理论中,他一直主张人类社会的经济秩序和社会制度是不能理性设计出来的,而是自发演化生成的;但他另一方面又相信任何一种social orders都是建立在一定的ideology之上,并在晚年的著作中提出要为西方各国设计一个双议会机构的政制体制设想。这就构成了哈耶克思想理论体系中的哈耶克矛盾。在诺思的社会制度变迁理论中,诺思一方面提出国家的存在是经济增长的关键;然而,国家又被认为经济衰退的根源。诺思认为,其原因在于,对于任何一个国家的统治者来说,租金最大化和税收最大化是不可兼得的。因而,“在使统治者(和他的集团)租金最大化的所有权结构与降低交易费用和促进经济增长的有效的体制之间,存在着持久的冲突”。这就是诺思的著名的“国家的悖论”,或称“诺思悖论”。如何认识“哈耶克矛盾”和“诺思悖论”?这是当代经济社会理论中一个有待澄清的重要理论问题。尽管存在着“哈耶克矛盾”和“诺思悖论”,但哈耶克和诺思在人类社会演化变迁大方向的认识和理论主张上却是一致的,即他们都主张一个私有财产、自由选择、自由贸易、有限政府和法治化的市场经济制序。宗教信仰和社会观念体系在人类社会变迁过程中的作用,我们同样不可忽视。

Understanding geographical conditions monitoring: a perspective from China

The geographical condition is a very important component of a country’s national condition,and geographical conditions monitoring(GCM)has been of great concern to the Chinese government.GCM has a close relation with‘Digital China’and is a concrete embodiment of Digital China.This paper discusses the content and classification of GCM.In accordance with application areas,GCM can be divided into fundamental monitoring,thematic monitoring,and disaster monitoring.The application areas perspective includes the content of the three other perspectives,like the monitoring elements,the monitoring scope,and the monitoring cycle and fully reflects the essence of the GCM.Fundamental monitoring mainly focuses on monitoring all of the geographical elements,which provides a basis for follow-up thematic monitoring;thematic monitoring is a special type of designated subject monitoring that concerns the public or the government;disaster monitoring focuses on the dynamic monitoring of the pre-disaster and disaster periods for natural disasters.The monitoring results will provide timely information for governments so that they can meet management or decision-making requirements.A GCM case study in the area of the Qinghai−Tibet plateau was made,and some concrete conclusions were drawn.Finally,this paper presents some thoughts on conducting GCM.

A high-level architecture for a Geomatics Informatization Technology System: the Chinese case

China will,as a component of‘Digital Earth,’establish a Geomatics Informatization Technology System(GITS)which is characterized by real-time acquisition,automatic processing,networking service,and socialized application with fundamental geographical information.The basic composition of GITS is proposed.GITS covers four layers and six platforms.The four layers are data acquisition,processing,management,and application and services.The six platforms are informatic geodetic datum,high-precision geo-spatial data acquisition,automatic geo-spatial data processing,grid-based geo-spatial information management,comprehensive geo-spatial information sharing and service,and geo-spatial information integration and application.The informatic geodetic datum platform provides a carrier for all the four layers and a base for the other five platforms.The high-precision geo-spatial data acquisition platform belongs to the acquisition layer.The automatic geo-spatial data processing platform belongs to the processing layer.The grid-based geo-spatial information management platform belongs to the management layer and is a bridge connecting geospatial data acquisition and spatial information sharing service and integrated applications.The comprehensive geo-spatial information sharing and service platform belongs to the application and service layer.Finally,this paper presents thoughts for constructing GITS.