Stable major QTL on chromosomes A07 and A08 increase shelling percentage in peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut is a major oilseed and food legume.Shelling percentage(SP),closely associated with seed yield,is a trait whose improvement is a major goal of peanut breeding.In this study,a mapping population(Xuhua 13×Zhonghua 6)was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling SP in four environments.Two stable major QTL for SP were mapped on both SSR-and SNP-based genetic maps.q SPA07.1 on chromosome A07 explained up to 31.7%of phenotypic variation,and q SPA08.2 on chromosome A08 explained up to 10.8%.Favorable alleles of q SPA07.1 and q SPA08.2 were derived from the female and male parents,respectively.Eight recombinant inbred lines(RILs)carrying both favorable alleles showed superiority in SP over the two parents in all environmental trials.A combination of the two favorable alleles using the linked markers was verified to increase SP by~5%in the RIL population and by~3%SP in diverse peanut cultivars.q SPA07.1 and q SPA08.2 were delimited to respectively a 0.73-Mb interval harboring 96 genes and a 3.93-Mb interval harboring 238 genes.Respectively five and eight genes with high expression in pods,including enzymes and transcription factors,were assigned as candidate genes for q SPA07.1 and q SPA08.2.These consistent major QTL provide an opportunity for fine mapping of genes controlling SP,and the linked markers may be useful for genetic improvement of SP in peanut.

Effects of stimulating frequency of NIR LEDs light irradiation on forehead as quantified by EEG measurements

Near-infrared(NIR)light has been shown to produce a range of physiological effects in hunans,however,there is still no agreement on whether and how a single parameter,like the flicker frequency of NIR light,affects the brain.An 810 nm NIR LED was used as the stimulator.Fifty subjects participated in this experiment.Forty subjects were randomly divided into four groups.Each group underwent a 30-minute NIR LED radiation with four different frequencies(i.e.,0 Hz,5 Hz,10 Hz and 20 Hz,respectively)on the forehead.The remaining 10 subjects formed the control group,in which they underwent a 30-minute rest period without light radiation.EEG signals of all subjects during each test were recorded.Gravity frequency(GF),relative energy change,and sample entropy were analyzed.The experimental groups had larger GF values compared to the control group.Higher stimulation frequency would cause larger growth of GF(F=14.75,P<0.001).The amplitude of alpha waves relative energy increased,while theta waves decreased remarkably in the experimental groups(p<0.02),and the extent of increase/decrease was larger at higher stimulation frequency,compared to that of the control.Sample entropy of electrodes in the frontal areas were much larger than those in other brain areas in the experimental groups(p<0.001).Larger frequency of the NIR LED light would cause more distinct brain activities in the stimulated areas.It indicates that NIR LED light may have a positive effect on modulating brain activity.These results may help improve the design of photobiomodulation treatments in the future.

Kinematic calibration method with high measurement efficiency and robust identification for hybrid machine tools

Geometric error is the main factor affecting the machining accuracy of hybrid machine tools.Kinematic calibration is an effective way to improve the geometric accuracy of hybrid machine tools.The necessity to measure both position and orientation at each pose,as well as the instability of identification in case of incomplete measurements,severely affects the application of traditional calibration methods.In this study,a kinematic calibration method with high measurement efficiency and robust identification is proposed to improve the kinematic accuracy of a five-axis hybrid machine tool.First,the configuration is introduced,and an error model is derived.Further,by investigating the mechanism error characteristics,a measurement scheme that only requires tool centre point position error measurement and one alignment operation is proposed.Subsequently,by analysing the effects of unmeasured degrees of freedom(DOFs)on other DOFs,an improved nonlinear least squares method based on virtual measurement values is proposed to achieve stable parameter identification in case of incomplete measurement,without introducing additional parameters.Finally,the proposed calibration method is verified through simulations and experiments.The proposed method can efficiently accomplish the kinematic calibration of the hybrid machine tool.The accuracy of the hybrid machine tool is significantly improved after calibration,satisfying actual aerospace machining requirements.

基于相干因子的高斯加权合成孔径聚焦技术的光声信号处理

光声成像是近年来快速发展的一种新型医学成像技术,具有分辨率高、对比度好、无电离辐射等优点,为多种组织以及细胞成像提供了一种有力的成像工具和检测手段。其中光声显微成像具有高分辨率,可达微米级。因为光声显微成像采用点对点扫描方式,使得光声显微成像图像质量依赖于光声信号质量。由于存在背景噪声等因素,光声信号质量受到严重影响,因此需要对检测到的光声信号进行去噪处理。本文在合成孔径聚焦技术基础上进行改进,提出了高斯加权合成孔径聚焦技术,并采用相干因子对合成后信号进行加权处理。实验得出相干因子的高斯加权合成孔径聚焦技术相较于传统合成孔径聚焦技术能够更好地减少背景噪声,提高信噪比从而提高重构图像质量。

基于PCA和BP神经网络的立体视觉疲劳度分级及预测研究

目的:通过对志愿者观看3D影片之后的脑电信号进行主成分分析,选取最能代表立体视觉疲劳度的主成分,运用BP神经网络对疲劳等级进行建模,提高对疲劳度等级的预测准确度。方法:采集15名志愿者观看五部不同3D影片前后的脑电信号,先对脑电信号进行疲劳度分级并选取特征通道;再对特征通道的脑电信号进行主成分分析选取影响最大的特征主成分,利用BP神经网络进行建模,根据建立的模型对立体视觉引起的疲劳等级进行预测,将预测结果与已知的疲劳等级进行对比。结果:根据文献中的疲劳等级将实验结果分成三个等级;据累计贡献率超过90%选取的前四个主成分建立的预测模型,准确度达95.4%。结论:运用主成分分析和BP神经网络的方法对立体视觉疲劳度进行预测,预测准确度较高,与直接根据脑电特征参数建立模型的方式相比简便和准确,这一方法对立体视觉引起的疲劳度分级及预测提供了新的思路。

NEAR-INFRARED OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION APPROACH BASED ON TWO-LAYERED BP NEURAL NETWORK

An image-reconstruction approach for optical tomography is presented,in which a two-layered BP neural network is used to distinguish the tumor location.The inverse problem is solved as optimization problem by Femlab software and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm.The concept of the average optical coefficient is proposed in this paper,which is helpful to understand the distribution of the scattering photon from tumor.The reconstructive¯µ
s by the trained network is reasonable for showing the changes of photon number transporting inside tumor tissue.It realized the fast reconstruction of tissue optical properties and provided optical OT with a new method.

Research on intelligent recognition method for self-blast state of glass insulator based on mixed data augmentation

Automatically and accurately detecting the self-blast state of glass insulators is of great significance to operation and maintenance of transmission lines.To solve the shortcomings of the existing open-loop cognitive models to detect the self-blast state of glass insulators,this study explores a mixed data augmentation-based intelligent recognition method to detect the self-blast state of the glass insulator,by imitating the human cognitive mode.Firstly,generative adversarial network is utilised to obtain the highquality generative self-blast samples of the glass insulator,and the non-generative data augmentation techniques is used to obtain rich sample features.Secondly,considering the characteristics of aerial images such as large scale variations,variable shooting angles and complex backgrounds,feature maps with strong semantics and adaptive multi-scale fusion are extracted using the feature pyramid network with adaptive hierarchy and the multi-deformable convolutional network.Then,the extracted feature maps are transmitted to a two-dimensional stochastic configuration network that can adaptively generate hidden nodes and basis functions so as to develop the self-blast state classification criteria with universal approximation capability.Thirdly,based on the generalised error and entropy theory,the semantic error entropy evaluation indices of recognition results are defined to evaluate in real time,the credibility of the uncertain recognition results for the self-blast state of the glass insulator.Then,based on transfer learning and the established self-optimising feedback mechanism for feature pyramid network,the self-optimising adjustment and reconstruction of the feature map space with strong semantics and multi-scale fusion and its classification criteria are realised.Finally,the stacking method is applied to integrate the recognition results of the feature pyramid network with adaptive hierarchy and multi-channel deformable convolutional networks to improve the robustness of the recognition model.Results of experimental comparison with other machine learning and deep learning methods verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Enhancement of microvessel in laser speckle image using gaussian kernel template

Laser speckle contrast imaging(LSCI)is an optical imaging method,which can monitor microvascularflow variation directly without addition of any ectogenous dye.All the existing laser speckle contrast analysis(LASCA)methods are a combination of spatial and temporal statistics.In this study,we have proposed a new method,Gaussian kernel laser speckle contrast analysis(gLASCA),which processes the raw images primarily with the Gaussian kernel operator along the spatial direction of bloodflow.We explored the properties of gLASCA in the simulation and animal cerebral ischemia perfusion model.Compared with the other existing speckle processing methods based on spatial,temporal,spatial-temporal or anisotropic linear structure;the present gLASCA method has a high spatial-temporal resolution to respond the change of velocity especially in microvasculature.Besides,the gLASCA method obtains approximately 10.2%and 7.1%higher contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)over the anisotropic linear method(aLASCA)in the simulation and experiment models.For these advantages,gLASCA could be a better method for local microvascular laser speckle imaging in terms of cerebral ischemia reperfusion,spreading depression and brain injury diseases.

A real-time artifact reduction algorithm based on precise threshold during short-separation optical probe insertion in neurosurgery

During neurosurgery,an optical probe has been used to guide the micro-electrode,which is punc-tured into the globus pallidus(GP)to create a lesion that can relieve the cardinal symptoms.Accurate target localization is the key factor to afect the treatment.However,considering the scattering nature of the tissue,the“look ahead distance(LAD)”of optical probe makes the boundary between the diferent tissues blurred and difficult to be distinguished,which is defined as artifact.Thus,it is highly desirable to reduce the artifact caused by LAD.In this paper,a real-time algorithm based on precise threshold was proposed to eliminate the artifact.The value of the threshold was determined by the maximum error of the measurement system during the calibration procession automatically.Then,the measured data was processed sequentially only based on the threshold and the former data.Moreover,100μm double-fiber probe and two-layer and multi-layer phantom models were utilized to validate the precision of the algorithm.The error of the algorithm is one puncture step,which was proved in the theory and experiment.It was concluded that the present method could reduce the artifact caused by LAD and make the real boundary sharper and less blurred in real-time.It might be potentially used for the neurosurgery navigation.

Monte Carlo and phantom study in the brain edema models

Because the brain edema has a crucial impact on morbidity and mortality,it is important to develop a noninvasive method to monitor the process of the brain edema effectively.When the brain edema occurs,the optical properties of the brain will change.The goal of this study is to access the feasibility and reliability of using noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)monitoring method to measure the brain edema.Specifically,three models,including the water content changes in the cerebrospinal fuid(CSF),gray matter and white matter,were explored.Moreover,these models were numerically simulated by the Monte Carlo studies.Then,the phantom experiments were performed to investigate the light intensity which was measured at different detecting radius on the tissue surface.The results indicated that the light intensity correlated well with the conditions of the brain edema and the detecting radius.Briefly,at the detect ing radius of 3.0 cm and 4.0 cm,the light intensity has a high response to the change of tissue parameters and optical properties.Thus,it is possible to monitor the brain edema noninvasively by NIRS method and the light intensity is a reliable and simple parameter to assess the brain edema.

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF RAT BRAIN TISSUE BASED ON NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND MIE THEORY

Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)technology and Mie theory are utilized for fundamental research on radiofrequency ablation of biological tissue.Firstly,NIRS is utilized to monitor rats undergoing radiofrequency ablation surgery in real time so as to explore the relationship between reduced scattering coefficient(μ_(s)')and the degree of thermally induced tissue coagulation.Then,Mie theory is utilized to analyze the morphological structure change of biological tissue so as to explore the basic mechanism of the change of optical parameters caused by thermally induced tissue coagulation.Results show that there is a close relationship between μ_(s)' and the degree of thermally induced tissue coagulation;the degree of thermal coagulation can be obtained by the value of μ_(s)';when biological tissue thermally coagulates,the average equivalent scattering particle decreases,the particle density increases,and the anisotropy factor decreases.

Investigation of optical reflectance from different animal vertebra along the fixation trajectory of pedicle screw in frequency domain

Accurate placement of pedicle screw(PS)is crucial in spinal surgery.Developing new real-time intra-operative monitoring and navigation methods is an important direction of clinical appli-cation research.In this paper,we studied the spectrum along the fixation trajectory of PS in frequency domain to tackle the accuracy problem.Fresh porcine vertebrae,bovine vertebrae and ovine vertebrae were measured with the near-infrared spectrum(NIR)device to obtain the reflected spectrum from the vertebrae.Along the fixation trajectory of PS,average energy from different groups was calculated and used for identifying different tissues and compared to achieve the optimal recognition factor.Compared with the time domain approach,the frequency domain method could divide the spectra measured at different tissue points into different groups more stably and accurately,which could serve as a new method to assist the PS insertion.The results gained from this study are significant to the development of hi-tech medical instruments with independent intellectual property rights.

Identification and characterization of rice blast resistance gene Pid4 by a combination of transcriptomic profiling and genome analysis

Map-based cloning of plant disease resistance (R) genes is time-consuming. Here, we reported the isolation of blast R gene Pid4 using comparative transcriptomic profiling and genome-wide sequence analysis. Pid4 encodes a coiled-coil nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat(CC-NBS-LRR) protein and is constitutively expressed at diverse developmental stages in the rice variety Digu. The Pid4 protein is localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Introduction of Pid4 into susceptible rice cultivars confers race-specific resistance to leaf and neck blast. Amino acid sequence comparison and blast resistance spectrum tests showed that Pid4 is a novel R gene, different from the previously reported R genes located in the same gene cluster. A Pid4 Indel marker was developed to facilitate the identification of Pid4 in different rice varieties. We demonstrated that a plant R gene can be quickly isolated using transcriptomic profiling coupled with genome-wide sequence analysis.

Deletion of a Dna K protein gene causes seedling green-revertible albino by retarding chloroplast development in rice

Green-revertible albino mutants are important sources for studying chloroplast structure, chloroplast development, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and plant photosynthesis. In the present study, we characterized a greenrevertible albino mutant gra(k), which was obtained from the tissue-cultured rice Kitaake. The mutant gra(k) exhibited albino on its first three leaves. The leaf color started to turn green at the four-leaf stage. The chlorophyll contents were deeply reduced at the seedling stage, and the chloroplast development was delayed in gra(k). The greenrevertible albino(gra) phenotype of the mutant gra(k) was temperature dependent. The main agronomic traits,including plant height, tilling number per plant, seed setting rate, and thousand-grain weight, slightly decreased in gra(k) comparing to those in the wild-type Kitaake.Genetic analysis showed that the gra phenotype was controlled by a single recessive nucleic gene. By using 5,168 recessive F2individuals derived from the cross of gra(k) 9 Jodan, the locus of the gene Gra(k) was delimited in a DNA region of 200 kb between the makers B-31 and P11 on chromosome 5. Sequencing analysis indicated thatthe three functionally annotated genes, LOC_Os05g23700,LOC_Os05g23720, and LOC_Os05g23740, were all deleted in the 200 kb region in the mutant gra(k). Transgenic test revealed that the gra(k) plants over-expressing LOC_Os05g23740CDS were restored to normal green as the wild-type Kitaake. Our results proved that the deletion of the Dna K protein gene LOC_Os05g23740(encoding the chaperon protein Os Hsp70CP1) led to the gra phenotype in the mutant gra(k).

Defect passivation and electrical conductivity enhancement in perovskite solar cells using functionalized graphene quantum dots

Organic–inorganic halide perovskites have been intensively investigated as potential photovoltaic materials due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and their successful applications in perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,a large number of defect states still exist in the PSCs so far and are detrimental to their power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)and stability.Here,an effective strategy of incorporating single-crystalline graphene quantum dots(GQDs)into the perovskite films is proposed to passivate the defect states.Intriguingly,the GQD-modified perovskite films exhibit purer phase structure,higher quality of morphology,and higher electrical conductivity when compared with the control perovskite films.All of the advantages caused by the incorporation of the GQDs lead to fast carrier separation and transport,long carrier lifetime,and low nonradiative recombination in the PSCs based on the GQD-modified perovskite films.As a result,this kind of PSC displays an increase in all photovoltaic parameters,and its PCE shows an enhancement of more than 20%when compared with the control PSC.Moreover,this novel PSC is demonstrated to have long-term stability and resistibility against heat and moisture.Our findings provide an insight into how to passivate the defect states and enhance the electrical conductivities in the perovskites and pave the way for their further exploration to achieve higher photovoltaic performances.

The neuropeptide CGRP enters the macrophage cytosol to suppress the NLRP3 inflammasome during pulmonary infection

The NLRP3 inflammasome plays an essential role in resistance to bacterial infection. The nervous system secretes multiple neuropeptides affecting the nervous system as well as immune cells. The precise impact of the neuropeptide CGRP on NLRP3 inflammasome activation is still unclear. Here, we show that CGRP negatively regulates the antibacterial process of host cells. CGRP prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduces mature IL-1β secretion. Following NLRP3 inflammasome stimulation that triggers endosome leakage, CGRP internalized to endosomal compartments is released into the cell cytosol. Cytosolic CGRP binds directly to NLRP3 and dismantles the NLRP3-NEK7 complex, which is crucial for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CGRP administration exacerbates bacterial infection, while the treatment with a CGRP antagonist has the opposite effect. Our study uncovers a unique role of CGRP in inhibiting inflammasome activation during infections, which might shed new light on antibacterial therapies in the future.

ZmFBL41Chang7-2:玉米抗纹枯病的关键利器

由真菌Rhizoctonia solani引起的纹枯病严重危害玉米(Zea mays)和水稻(Oryza sativa)等作物的安全生产。R.solani的宿主范围广且抗源少,加之相关的抗性机制研究有限,导致纹枯病的危害长期得不到有效控制。近期,中国科学家通过对318份玉米自交系进行全基因组关联分析,筛选到1个与纹枯病抗性相关的、编码F-box结构域蛋白的候选基因ZmFBL41(GRMZM2G109140)。ZmFBL41蛋白是SCF(SKP1-Cullin-F-box)E3泛素连接酶复合体的一员,能介导复合体对肉桂醇脱氢酶ZmCAD的降解,从而降低木质素的积累,使玉米易感纹枯病。玉米抗病自交系Chang7-2中,蛋白ZmFBL41Chang7-2因2个关键氨基酸的变异,不能结合并降解底物ZmCAD,使木质素含量增加,从而提高玉米对纹枯病的抗性。该研究率先揭示了SCF复合体可通过降解肉桂醇脱氢酶来调控植物免疫反应的新型分子机制,为提高玉米及其它作物对纹枯病的抗性提供了重要理论依据和基因资源。

Overproduction of OsRACK1A,an effector-targeted scaffold protein promoting OsRBOHB-mediated ROS production,confers rice floral resistance to false smut disease without yield penalty

Grain formation is fundamental for crop yield but is vulnerable to abiotic and biotic stresses.Rice grain production is threatened by the false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens,which specifically infects rice floral organs,disrupting fertilization and seed formation.However,little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the U.virens-rice interaction and the genetic basis of floral resistance.Here,we report that U.virens secretes a cytoplasmic effector,UvCBP1,to facilitate infection of rice flowers.Mechanistically,UvCBP1 interacts with the rice scaffold protein OsRACK1A and competes its interaction with the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase OsRBOHB,leading to inhibition of reactive oxygen species(ROS)production.Although the analysis of natural variation revealed no OsRACK1A variants that could avoid being targeted by UvCBP1,expression levels of OsRACK1A are correlated with field resistance against U.virens in rice germplasm.Overproduction of OsRACK1A restores the OsRACK1A-OsRBOHB association and promotes OsRBOHB phosphorylation to enhance ROS production,conferring rice floral resistance to U.virens without yield penalty.Taken together,our findings reveal a new pathogenic mechanism mediated by an essential effector from a flower-specific pathogen and provide a valuable genetic resource for balancing disease resistance and crop yield.

Effects of duckweed(Spriodela polyrrhiza)remediation on the composition of dissolved organic matter in effluent of scale pig farms

The swine effluent studied was collected from scale pig farms,located in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province,China,and duckweed（Spriodela polyrrhiza） was selected to dispose the effluent.The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of duckweed growth on the dissolved organic matter composition in swine effluent.Throughout the experiment period,the concentrations of organic matter were determined regularly,and the excitationemission matrix（3DEEM） spectroscopy was used to characterize the fluorescence component.Compared with no-duckweed treatments（controls）,the specific ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm（SUVA254） was increased by a final average of 34.4%as the phytoremediation using duckweed,and the removal rate of DOC was increased by a final average of 28.0%.In swine effluent,four fluorescence components were identified,including two protein-like（tryptophan,tyrosine） and two humic-like（fulvic acids,humic acids） components.For all treatments,the concentrations of protein-like components decreased by a final average of 69.0%.As the growth of duckweed,the concentrations of humic-like components were increased by a final average of 123.5%than controls.Significant and positive correlations were observed between SUVA254 and humic-like components.Compared with the controls,the humification index（HIX） increased by a final average of 9.0%for duckweed treatments.Meanwhile,the duckweed growth leaded to a lower biological index（BIX） and a higher proportion of microbial-derived fulvic acids than controls.In conclusion,the duckweed remediation not only enhanced the removal rate of organic matter in swine effluent,but also increased the percent of humic substances.

An 11-bit 200 MS/s subrange SAR ADC with low-cost integrated reference buffer

This paper presents an 11-bit 200MS/s subrange S AR ADC with an integrated reference buffer in 65nm CMOS.The proposed ADC employs a 3.5-bit flash ADC for coarse conversion,and a compact timing scheme at the flash/SAR boundary to speed up the conversion.The flash decision is used to control charge compensating for the reference voltage to reduce its input-dependent fluctuation.Measurement results show that the fabricated ADC has achieved significant improvement by applying the reference charge compensation.In addition,the ADC achieves a maximum signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 59.3dB at 200MS/s.It consumes 3.91mW from a 1.2V supply,including the reference buffer.