Highly Thermally Conductive and Structurally Ultra‑Stable Graphitic Films with Seamless Heterointerfaces for Extreme Thermal Management

Highly thermally conductive graphitic film(GF)materials have become a competitive solution for the thermal management of high-power electronic devices.However,their catastrophic structural failure under extreme alternating thermal/cold shock poses a significant challenge to reliability and safety.Here,we present the first investigation into the structural failure mechanism of GF during cyclic liquid nitrogen shocks(LNS),which reveals a bubbling process characterized by“permeation-diffusion-deformation”phenomenon.To overcome this long-standing structural weakness,a novel metal-nanoarmor strategy is proposed to construct a Cu-modified graphitic film(GF@Cu)with seamless heterointerface.This well-designed interface ensures superior structural stability for GF@Cu after hundreds of LNS cycles from 77 to 300 K.Moreover,GF@Cu maintains high thermal conductivity up to 1088 W m^(−1)K^(−1)with degradation of less than 5%even after 150 LNS cycles,superior to that of pure GF(50%degradation).Our work not only offers an opportunity to improve the robustness of graphitic films by the rational structural design but also facilitates the applications of thermally conductive carbon-based materials for future extreme thermal management in complex aerospace electronics.

The miR5810/OsMRLP6 regulatory module affects rice seedling photosynthesis

Photosynthesis affects crop growth and yield.The roles of microRNAs(miRNAs)in photosynthesis are little known.In the present study,the role of the OsNF-YB7–OsMIR5810–OsMRLP6 regulatory module in photosynthesis was investigated.The malectin-like protein gene OsMRLP6 was identified as a target gene of osa-miR5810(miR5810).Overexpression in rice of miR5810 or down-expression of OsMRLP6 resulted in reduced expression of genes involved in chloroplast development and photosynthesis and decreased net photosynthetic rate,finally leading to lower shoot biomass and grain yield.Down-expression of miR5810 and overexpression of OsMRLP6 showed the opposite effect.Overexpression of transcription factor OsNF-YB7 elevated expression of OsMIR5810 in rice seedlings by binding to its promoter.The OsNFYB7–OsMIR5810–OsMRLP6 regulatory module affects photosynthesis to mediate growth and grain yield.

Design Strategies for Cellular Nanosponges as Medical Countermeasures

The interest in using therapeutic nanoparticles to bind with harmful molecules or pathogens and subsequently neutralize their bioactivity has grown tremendously.Among various nanomedicine platforms,cell membrane-coated nanoparticles,namely,“cellular nanosponges,”stand out for their broadspectrum neutralization capability challenging to achieve in traditional countermeasure technologies.Such ability is attributable to their cellular function-based rather than target structure-based working principle.Integrating cellular nanosponges with various synthetic substrates further makes their applications exceptionally versatile and adaptive.This review discusses the latest cellular nanosponge technology focusing on how the structure–function relationship in different designs has led to versatile and potent medical countermeasures.Four design strategies are discussed,including harnessing native cell membrane functions for biological neutralization,functionalizing cell membrane coatings to enhance neutralization capabilities,combining cell membranes and functional cores for multimodal neutralization,and integrating cellular nanosponges with hydrogels for localized applications.Examples in each design strategy are selected,and the discussion is to highlight their structure–function relationships in complex disease settings.The review may inspire additional design strategies for cellular nanosponges and fulfill even broader medical applications.

Low Doses of Rifampicin Used in New Tuberculosis Patients Correlated to Increased Frequency of Rifampicin-Resistance and Poorer Treatment Outcomes

The prognosis of patients with previously treated tuberculosis (TB) was suggested to be dependent on whether the initial treatment was in compliance with the established guidelines. The aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to determine the proportion of new TB patients who received standard doses of rifampicin in multiple provinces of China, and the relationship between low doses of rifampicin and frequency of rifampicin-resistance as well as treatment outcomes. A total of 713 new TB patients were treated with either once-daily dose of bulk anti-TB drugs (group I) or every other day combination blister packs of anti-TB drugs containing rifampicin (group II) at more than 30 TB treatment centers/hospitals in China. Treatment history, therapeutic doses of rifampicin, and information about patients were extracted from their medical records and analyzed, and rifampicin-resistance of isolates collected from patients following the treatment as well as treatment outcomes were compared between two treatment groups. Among 522 patients in treatment group I, 154 (29.5%) received standard and 363 (69.5%) received low doses of rifampicin;238 (45.6%) isolates were rifampicin-resistant, and 243 (46.6%) were successfully treated. Among 191 patients in treatment group II, 175 (91.6%) received standard and 15 (7.9%) received low doses of rifampicin;72 (37.7%) isolates were rifampicin-resistant, and 105 (55%) were successfully treated. When patients who received low doses of rifampicin were compared to others within the same treatment group, increased rates for rifampicin-resistance and treatment failure were observed. Results from this study showed that most new TB patients in treatment group I (69.5%) received low doses of rifampicin, and their treatment outcomes were worse than those in treatment group II, indicating that low doses of rifampicin used for the initial treatment of new TB patients were correlated to increased frequency of rifampicin-resistance and poorer treatment outcomes.

Trust management-based and energy efficient hierarchical routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

The single planar routing protocol has a slow convergence rate in the large-scale Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Although the hierarchical routing protocol can effectively cope with large-scale application scenarios,how to elect a secure cluster head and balance the network load becomes an enormous challenge.In this paper,a Trust Management-based and Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy protocol(LEACH-TM)is proposed.In LEACH-TM,by using the number of dynamic decision cluster head nodes,residual energy and density of neighbor nodes,the size of the cluster can be better constrained to improve energy efficiency,and avoid excessive energy consumption of a node.Simultaneously,the trust management scheme is introduced into LEACH-TM to defend against internal attacks.The simulation results show that,compared with LEACH-SWDN protocol and LEACH protocol,LEACH-TM outperforms in prolonging the network lifetime and balancing the energy consumption,and can effectively mitigate the influence of malicious nodes on cluster head selection,which can greatiy guarantee the security of the overall network.

Energy-absorbing porous materials:Bioinspired architecture and fabrication

Energy-absorbing materials are widely used in transportations,sports,and the military applications.Particularly,porous materials,including natural and artificial materials,have attracted tremendous attentions due to their light weight and excellent energy absorption capability.This review summarizes the recent progresses in the natural and artificial energy-absorbing porous materials.First,we review the typical natural porous materials including cuttlebone,bighorn sheep horn,pomelo peel,and sunflower stem pith.The architectures,energy absorption abilities,and mechanisms of these typical natural materials and their bioinspired materials are summarized.Then,we provide a review on the fabrication methods of artificial energy-absorbing porous materials,such as conventional foaming and three-dimensional(3D)printing.Finally,we address the challenges and prospects for the future development of energy-absorbing porous materials.More importantly,our review provides a direct guidance for the design and fabrication of energy-absorbing porous materials required for various engineering applications.

Defect tolerance in chalcogenide perovskite photovoltaic material BaZrS_(3)

Chalcogenide perovskites(CPs) exhibiting lower band gaps than oxide perovskites and higher stability than halide perovskites are promising materials for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. For such applications, the absence of deep defect levels serving as recombination centers(dubbed defect tolerance) is a highly desirable property. Here,using density functional theory(DFT) calculations, we study the intrinsic defects in BaZrS_(3), a representative CP material.We compare Hubbard-U and hybrid functional methods, both of which have been widely used in addressing the band gap problem of semi-local functionals in DFT. We find that tuning the U value to obtain experimental bulk band gap and then using the obtained U value for defect calculations may result in over-localization of defect states. In the hybrid functional calculation, the band gap of BaZrS_(3)can be accurately obtained. We observe the formation of small S-atom clusters in both methods, which tend to self-passivate the defects from forming mid-gap levels. Even though in the hybrid functional calculations several relatively deep defects are observed, all of them exhibit too high formation energy to play a significant role if the materials are prepared under thermal equilibrium.BaZrS_(3)is thus expected to exhibit sufficient defect tolerance promising for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications.

Ice-Templated Fabrication of Porous Materials with Bioinspired Architecture and Functionality

CONSPECTUS:Biological porous materials,such as polar bear hair,wood,bamboo,and cuttlebone,exhibit outstanding thermal and mechanical properties due to their hierarchical architectures.Specifically,polar bears can retain thermal homeostasis in the extremely cold Arctic due to outstanding thermal insulation property of their porous hairs;wood and bamboo exhibit excellent mechanical strength,highly efficient water and nutrient transport capacity,and low density due to their hierarchically aligned porous architecture;cuttlebone can resist large hydrostatic pressure in the deep-sea environment due to its mechanically efficient porous structure with lamellar septa connected by asymmetrically S-shaped walls.

Wet-spinning assembly of nitrogen-doped graphene film for stable graphene-polyaniline supercapacitor electrodes with high mass loading

Graphene-polyaniline(GP)composites are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors but possessing unsatisfied stability,especially under high mass loading,due to the low ion transmission efficiency and serious pulverization effect.To address this issue,we propose a scalable method to achieve highly wettable GP electrodes,showing excellent stability.In addition,our results demonstrate that the performance of electrodes is nearly independent of the mass loading,indicating the great potential of such GP electrodes for practical devices.We attribute the remarkable performance of GP to the delicate precursor of nitrogen doped graphene film assembled by wet-spinning technology.This report provides a strategy to promote the ion penetrating efficiency across the electrodes and deter the pulverization effect,aiming at the practical GP supercapacitor electrodes of high mass loading.

Combined subsampling and analytical integration for efficient large-scale GW calculations for 2D systems

Accurate and efficient predictions of the quasiparticle properties of complex materials remain a major challenge due to the convergence issue and the unfavorable scaling of the computational cost with respect to the system size.Quasiparticle GW calculations for two-dimensional(2D)materials are especially difficult.The unusual analytical behaviors of the dielectric screening and the electron self-energy of 2D materials make the conventional Brillouin zone(BZ)integration approach rather inefficient and require an extremely dense k-grid to properly converge the calculated quasiparticle energies.In this work,we present a combined nonuniform subsampling and analytical integration method that can drastically improve the efficiency of the BZ integration in 2D GW calculations.

Diastereodivergent Hydrosilylative Enyne Cyclization Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Ni(o)

Catalytic diastereodivergent hydrosilylative enyne cyclization with high generality and broad scope was achieved using electronic ac-tivated N-heterocyclic carbene-Ni(O)as a catalyst and R_(3)SiH as silane(IPr^(Cl),syn-:anti-selectivity from up to 98:2 to 7:93 by Z=0,NH vs.NMs,R^(1)=n-pentyl).Heterocycles bearing homoallylsilane rather than vinylsilane was obtained chemoselectively.The undesired yet highly competitive reactivity was suppressed,like direct hydrosilylation of alkene and alkyne concurrently.Optionally,the homoallylsilane products could be reduced further in one-pot using IPr^(Me) as ligand and(EtO)_(3)SiH as silane under otherwise the same standard condition as the above,offering practical access to additional stereocenters and more diverse product structures from enynes.

Community search over heterogeneous information networks via weighting strategy and query replacement

1Introduction and main contributions Recently,community search over Heterogeneous Information Networks(HINs)has attracted much attention in graph analysis,which aims to search for local communities containing query node.Although existing community search studies in HINs have proved effective in converting heterogeneous graphs to homogeneous graphs via pre-defined meta-paths with consistent head and tail node types,two major limitations stilexist.First,they fail to properly utilize the intermediate nodes to assign weights on the edges of the induced homogeneous graph.

Prediction of protected band edge states and dielectric tunable quasiparticle and excitonic properties of monolayer MoSi_(2)N_(4)

The electronic structure of two-dimensional(2D)materials are inherently prone to environmental perturbations,which may pose significant challenges to their applications in electronic or optoelectronic devices.A 2D material couples with its environment through two mechanisms:local chemical coupling and nonlocal dielectric screening effects.The local chemical coupling is often difficult to predict or control experimentally.Nonlocal dielectric screening,on the other hand,can be tuned by choosing the substrates or layer thickness in a controllable manner.Therefore,a compelling 2D electronic material should offer band edge states that are robust against local chemical coupling effects.Here it is demonstrated that the recently synthesized MoSi_(2)N_(4)is an ideal 2D semiconductor with robust band edge states protected from capricious environmental chemical coupling effects.Detailed many-body perturbation theory calculations are carried out to illustrate how the band edge states of MoSi_(2)N_(4)are shielded from the direct chemical coupling effects,but its quasiparticle and excitonic properties can be modulated through the nonlocal dielectric screening effects.This unique property,together with the moderate band gap and the thermodynamic and mechanical stability of this material,paves the way for a range of applications of MoSi_(2)N_(4)in areas including energy,2D electronics,and optoelectronics.

鼓室内注射与静脉滴注泼尼松龙治疗突发性聋的疗效比较

目的比较鼓室内注射与静脉滴注泼尼松龙(PAI)治疗突发性聋(SHL)的临床疗效。方法选取2017年1月至2020年1月宁波明州医院耳鼻喉科收治的SHL患者120例为研究对象,根据用药途径不同分为鼓室组(鼓室内注射PAI,n=60)和静脉组(静脉滴注PAI,n=60)。两组患者均持续治疗8 d。治疗后比较两组临床疗效;使用纯音乐听力检测仪测定两组患者治疗后500 Hz、1000 Hz下的听力阈值;比较两组患者的降钙素原(PCT)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平及药物不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,鼓室组总有效率为93.33%,高于静脉组的80.00%(χ^(2)=4.61,P<0.05);鼓室组患者500 Hz听力阈值为(38.69±3.56),显著低于静脉组的(42.36±4.36)(t=5.05,P<0.001);鼓室组患者1000 Hz听力阈值为(32.36±3.36),显著低于静脉组的(40.15±4.12)(t=11.35,P<0.001);鼓室组患者治疗后PCT为(0.65±0.12)μg/L,显著低于静脉组的(0.98±0.15)μg/L(t=13.30,P<0.001);鼓室组患者治疗后hs-CRP为(3.28±0.36)mg/L,显著低于静脉组的(5.26±0.56)mg/L(t=23.03,P<0.001);鼓室组不良反应发生率为8.33%,与静脉组的10.00%比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.10,P>0.05)。结论相对于静脉滴注PAI,鼓室内注射PAI可有效改善SHL患者的临床症状,提高临床疗效。

Recent Progress in Capturing and Neutralizing Inflammatory Cytokines

Inflammatory cytokines are key players in modulating immune responses to mount effective host defense.However,excessive production of inflammatory cytokines contributes to the destructive components responsible for various inflammatory disorders.As a result,treatment strategies have been developed to lower the cytokine levels or block their bioactivity.In particular,therapeutic agents that directly capture and neutralize cytokines have gained significant attention as they bypass the interactions with the host cells,and therefore,are less likely to induce immunogenic response and clearance.Among them,“monoplex”platforms such as cytokine-neutralizing antibodies(CNAs)are commonly designed to target a specific cytokine for neutralization.Meanwhile,to address the multiplexity of the cytokine targets in diseases,multiplex platforms such as glycosaminoglycan-containing biomaterials and cell-membrane-coated nanoparticles are emerging.Herein,we have reviewed the recent progress of these cytokine-neutralizing platforms(CNPs)and discussed their applications in treating inflammatory disorders.Overall,understanding the structure–function relationships underlying these CNPs would lead to the design of novel therapeutics toward effective management of inflammatory diseases.