Analysis of Lightning Disaster in Shaoyang City and Research on Its Defense Countermeasures

The climate impact assessment and monthly and annual reports of surface meteorological observation of cities and counties were reviewed,and there were no records of lightning disasters in Shaoyang from 1978 to 2000.Since 2001,there have been few records of lightning disasters,with only about 10 times in various regions.In this paper,a total of 143 investigation reports on lightning accidents since 2002 were collected,and statistical analysis was conducted based on the loss,location of occurrence,damaged industries,and social impact.In particular,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of lightning in Shaoyang area have been clearly understood,and the main characteristics and laws of lightning accidents in Shaoyang area were revealed.The results showed that the most lightning accidents occurred in June,and no lightning accidents occurred in December.Dongkou,Longhui,and Shaoyang urban areas were the lightning prone areas,and the impact of lightning on agriculture was the largest,followed by commerce.The prevention countermeasures of lightning disasters were proposed to provide reference for disaster prevention and reduction.

Function of note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo:a playback experiment

Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.

Assessment of macrobenthic community function and ecological quality after reclamation in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Estuary wetland

An ecological optimization project(semi-closed reclamation project)was implemented to control the invasion of Spartina alterniflora,and optimize the habitat of the Chongming Dongtan wetland,in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Estuary.After project implementation,a macrobenthic ecological survey was conducted in a natural tidal flat and a semi-closed reclamation restoration area within the Chongming Dongtan wetland from 2019 to 2020.Compared with historical data before reclamation,findings showed that the groups,numbers,and species diversity of the macrobenthos increased significantly,and the ecological optimization project resulted in good ecological benefits.In addition,compared to the natural tidal flat,the number of collected macrobenthic phyla,and the macrobenthic density and biomass were significantly lower in the restoration area.Furthermore,the biodiversity index and functional redundancy of natural tidal flats were generally higher,indicating that the community composition and function of natural tidal flats were relatively more stable.Even though the species composition differed between a number of restoration areas and natural tidal flats,there was no difference in functional diversity,indicating that the effect of restoring ecological functions in restoration areas was optimal.Among them,the biodiversity and functional redundancy of Site S2 were significantly reduced,and the ecosystem function was extremely unstable.Habitat heterogeneity,vegetation community and decreasing salinity were the main factors that affected the ecological functions of macrobenthos.The ecological quality was also evaluated;the Transects N3 and N4 showed good quality.The overall ecological quality of the restoration area was generally high,but that of Site S2 was poor and that of Site S2E was merely good,which was mainly due to modifications of the ecological function of macrobenthos.It is suggested that reeds mowing and freshwater species release should be adopted in restoration areas to improve the community function and the environmental disturbance resistance of the macrobenthos.

Analysis of Climatic Conditions for the Growth of Longhui Lilium brownii var.viridulum

Based on temperature,precipitation and sunshine data at Longhui National Station during 1981-2021,temperature at 22 regional stations during 2011-2021,and lily planting information of Longya Lily Base,the feasibility of meteorological conditions for the growth of Lilium brownii var.viridulum was analyzed.The results showed that in general,the climatic conditions in Longhui were suitable for planting L.brownii var.viridulum.Among them,the south hilly area was the most suitable climate area,and the north mountain area was the suitable climate area,and the northwest mountain area was the more suitable climate area.It should sufficiently use the climatic conditions of Longhui,do a good job in meteorological service of L.brownii var.viridulum,and provide favorable meteorological guarantee for farmers,to reduce the impact of adverse meteorological conditions on L.brownii var.viridulum,and improve the economic benefits of lily production.

Study on Risk Assessment of Summer Rainstorm Disaster and Countermeasures for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Shaoyang City

Using summer(June-August)precipitation observation data in 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1971-2021 and disaster data caused by summer rainstorm in nine counties(cities)and four districts of Shaoyang during 1981-2021,statistical analysis on summer rainstorm and its caused disaster in Shaoyang was conducted,and spatial and temporal characteristics of summer rainstorm and spatial distribution rule of disaster were found out.The results showed that(1)the rainstorm disaster in Shaoyang City occurs almost every year and is highly seasonal.(2)Rainstorm disaster loss is the first of other meteorological disasters.(3)The summer rainstorm disaster has the characteristics of sudden and destructive.On this basis,the relative grades of rainstorm disaster risk degree and disaster loss degree were divided,and the risk assessment of rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang City was made,and the disaster prevention and mitigation measures and countermeasures were put forward.The research could provide scientific decision basis for party and government departments guiding flood fighting and disaster relief.