Genome-wide SNP markers provided insights into the reproductive strategy and genetic diversity of the green tide causative species Ulva prolifera in China

Ulva prolifera is the causative species of the annually occurring large-scale green tides in China since 2007.Its specific biological features on reproductivity strategies,as well as intra-species genetic diversity,are still largely unknown,especially at the genome level,despite their importance in understanding the formation and outbreak of massive green tides.In the present study,the restriction site-associated DNA genotyping approach(2b-RAD)was adopted to identify the genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of 54 individual thalli including samples collected from Subei Shoal in 2019 and Qingdao coast from 2019 to 2021.SNPs genotype results revealed that most of the thalli in 2019 and 2020 were haploid gametophytes,while only half of the thalli were gametophytes in 2021,indicating flexibility in the reproductive strategies for the formation of the green tides among different years and the dominance of asexual and vegetative reproductive mode for the floating period.Besides,population analysis was conducted,and it revealed a very low genetic diversity among samples from Subei Shoal and the Qingdao coast in the same year and a higher divergence among samples in different years.The results showed the efficiency of 2b-RAD in the exploration of SNPs in U.prolifera and provided the first genome-wide scale evidence for the origin of the large-scale green tides on the Qingdao coast.This study improved our understanding of the reproductive strategy and genetic diversity of the green tide causative species and will help further reveal the biological causes of the green tide in China.

Prospective Clinical Application of Thioredoxin Reductase as a Novel Diagnostic Tumor Marker

Background: Developing a novel, efficient biomarker for detecting malignant tumors is essential for the early diagnosis of cancers. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic value of a potential plasma tumor marker, thioredoxin reductase (TR), which is expressed in many types of malignant tumor, for the non-invasive detection of cancers. Methods: The plasma activities of TR were measured in 1513 patients with common clinical diseases, 59 patients with benign tumors, and 154 patients with cancers and 586 healthy controls. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of TR and logistic regression results of different groups were compared by sensitivity, specificity and Youden’s index. Diagnostic cut-offs and clinical reference intervals were established via ROC curve analysis. Results: The logistic regression indicated that TR activity can discriminate between cancers and benign tumors or other common diseases very well (p < 0.0001), with an area under the curve from the receiver-operator characteristics between 0.91 and 0.96. The positive critical value was 2.51 and the cancer critical value was 9.90. The diagnostic gray zone (2.51 - 9.90) may be associated with benign tumors and some common clinical diseases. Conclusions: As a novel potential marker of malignant tumors with quantitative evaluation of proliferation, TR activity detection has an excellent diagnostic potential for early-stage malignant tumors. Impact: The convenient, economical, relatively non-invasive, and reproducible detection method of TR activity makes it suitable for routine clinical practice.

Bidirectional solid fermentation using Trametes robiniophila Murr. For enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.)

Objective:To investigate the potential of bidirectional solid fermentation of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.) for reducing its toxicity and enhancing its medicinal efficacy.Methods:The fungus Trametes robiniophila Murr.was inoculated into rhubarb.The chemical ingredients as well as antioxidant,antibacterial,and anticancer activities of fermented and unfermented rhubarb extracts were then determined.Results:After fermentation,levels of anthraquinone glycosides (purgative ingredients) decreased significantly,while the level of anthraquinone aglycone increased.The level of gallic acid was also reduced after fermentation.Ethanol extract of rhubarb (0.8 mg/mL) exhibited DPPH-scavenging activity of 7.6% ± 0.8% while the blank control (0.8 mg/mL rhubarb)showed 31.3% ± 2.0% activity.Antibacterial activities in fermented samples were found to be enhanced compared with unfermented samples and anticancer activity was evident at concentrations of 2000 and 5000 μg/mL.Conclusion:Bidirectional solid fermentation appears to be an effective processing method that can be used to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of rhubarb.

Microstructures,Deformation Mechanisms and Seismic Properties of Synkinematic Migmatite from Southeastern Tibet:Insights from the Migmatitic Core of the Ailao Shan-Red River Shear Zone,Western Yunnan,China

Seismic anisotropy originating within the continental crust is commonly used to determine the deformation and kinematic flow within active orogens and is attributed to regionally oriented mica or hornblende grains.However,naturally deformed rocks usually contain compositional layers(e.g.,parallel compositional banding).It is necessary to understand how both varying mineral contents and differing intensities of compositional layering influence the seismic properties of the deep crust.In this study,we analyzed the seismic response of migmatitic amphibolite with compositional banding structures.We present the microstructures,fabrics,calculated seismic velocities,and seismic anisotropies of mylonitic amphibolite from a horizontal shear layer preserved within the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone,southwestern Yunnan,China.The investigated sample is characterized by pronounced centimeter-scale compositional banding.The microstructures and fabrics suggest that migmatitic amphibolite rocks within deep crust may delineate regions of deformation-assisted,channelized,reactive,porous melt flow.The origin of compositional banding in the studied migmatitic amphibolite is attributed primarily to partial melting together with some horizontal shearing deformation.The microfabrics and structures investigated in this study are considered to be typical for the base of active horizontal shear layers in the deep crust of southeastern Tibet.Seismic responses are modeled by using crystal preferred orientations for minerals of the migmatitic amphibolite by applying the Voigt-Reuss-Hill homogenization method.Calculated P-wave and S-wave velocities are largely consistent in the various layers of the migmatite.However,seismic anisotropies of P-wave(AV_(p))and S-wave(AVs)are higher in the melanosomes(AV_(p)=5.6%,AV_(s)=6.83%)than those in the leucosomes and the whole rock(AV_(p)=4.2%–4.6%,AV_(s)=3.1%–3.2%).In addition,there is pronounced,S-wave splitting oblique to the foliation plane in the migmatitic amphibolite.The multiple parallel compositional layers generate marked variation in the geometry of the seismic anisotropy(Vs1 polarization)in the whole rock.Combined with the macroscale geographical orientation of fabrics in the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone,these compositional banding effects are inferred to generate significant variations in the magnitude and orientation of seismic anisotropy,especially for shear-wave anisotropy(AV_(s))in the deep crust.Hence,our data suggest that layering of various origins(e.g.,shear layers,partial-melting layers,and compositional layers)represents a new potential source of anisotropy within the deep crust.

An Examination of the Predictability of Tropical Cyclone Genesis in High-Resolution Coupled Models with Dynamically Downscaled Coupled Data Assimilation Initialization

Predicting tropical cyclone(TC)genesis is of great societal importance but scientifically challenging.It requires fineresolution coupled models that properly represent air−sea interactions in the atmospheric responses to local warm sea surface temperatures and feedbacks,with aid from coherent coupled initialization.This study uses three sets of highresolution regional coupled models(RCMs)covering the Asia−Pacific(AP)region initialized with local observations and dynamically downscaled coupled data assimilation to evaluate the predictability of TC genesis in the West Pacific.The APRCMs consist of three sets of high-resolution configurations of the Weather Research and Forecasting−Regional Ocean Model System(WRF-ROMS):27-km WRF with 9-km ROMS,and 9-km WRF with 3-km ROMS.In this study,a 9-km WRF with 9-km ROMS coupled model system is also used in a case test for the predictability of TC genesis.Since the local sea surface temperatures and wind shear conditions that favor TC formation are better resolved,the enhanced-resolution coupled model tends to improve the predictability of TC genesis,which could be further improved by improving planetary boundary layer physics,thus resolving better air−sea and air−land interactions.

铜催化1,4-二炔硼质子化反应制备支链烯基硼化合物

本文报道了铜催化1,4-二炔的高区域选择性硼质子化反应用于合成烯基硼类化合物。该反应对于各种(杂)芳基和烷基取代的末端1,4-二炔底物均能以较高的产率和区域选择性生成相应的产物,反应产物容易发生衍生化反应转化为多种有用的产物。

Effects of Plant Community Type on Soil Methane Flux in Semiarid Loess Hilly Region,Central Gansu Province,China

Methane(CH_(4))is an important greenhouse gas second only to CO_(2)in terms of its greenhouse effect.Vegetation plays an important role in controlling soil CH_(4)fluxes,but the spatial variability of soil CH_(4)fluxes during vegetation restoration in Loess Hilly Region(LHR)is not fully understood.The effects of different plant community types[Medicago sativa grassland(MS);Xanthoceras sorbifolium forestland(XS);Caragana korshinskii bushland(CK);Hippophae rhamnoides shrubland(HR);and Stipa bungeana grassland(SB)]on soil CH_(4)flux in LHR were studied via the static chamber technique.The results showed that the five plant community types were sinks of soil CH_(4)in LHR,the plant community type significantly affected the soil CH_(4)flux,and the average CH_(4)uptake from high to low was in SB,HR,CK,MS,and XS.During the whole study period,the soil CH_(4)flux showed similar interannual variation.The maximum absorption of soil CH_(4)appeared in the growing season,while the minimum appeared in winter.Soil CH_(4)uptake was positively correlated with soil temperature and soil moisture.Soil temperature and moisture are important controlling factors for the temporal variability of soil CH_(4)flux.In LHR,the Stipa bungeana grassland is the more suitable plant community type for reducing soil CH_(4)emissions.In the process of vegetation restoration in LHR,the soil CH_(4)absorption potential of different plant community types should be considered,ecological benefits should be taken into account,and vegetation more suitable for mitigating the greenhouse effect should be selected.

Illumina MiSeq sequencing investigation of Chanhua (Cordyceps cicadae Shing) fungal community structures in different regions

Objective:This study was carried out to elucidate the fungal diversity of Chanhua (Cordyceps cicadae Shing),which is an entomogenous fungal parasite that grows on wingless cicada nymphs.Methods:Samples were collected from 10 different geographical regions including Yibing in Sichuan Province,Jiangsu Province,Jiangxi Province,Anhui Province,Guangdong Province,and Guangxi Autonomous Region.The Illumina MiSeq-based method was used to investigate the Chanhua fungal community structures.Results:The results showed high fungal diversity,with 22 families found in the different samples,Eurotiomycetes was the dominant fungal family associated with Chanhua (composing 36.69% of the sample from Sichuan Mianyang),whereas Cordycipitaceae only composed 0.51% (Sichuan Yibing) to 0.33% (Guangdong) of these samples.Surprisingly,the proportion of Capnodiales was 5.27% in Sichuan Mianyang,whereas the percentage in other regions ranged from 4.35% (Sichuan Yibing) to 2.55% (Zhejiang),and the remaining proportion (more than 80%) was made up of unidentified fungus.Conclusions:These findings contribute to a better understanding of Chanhua from different regions and revealed an unexpectedly and high amount of unidentified diversity of these fungal communities.These results indicate that Chanhua parasitic fungi need to be further analyzed and identified for finding new medical fungi resources.

Critical steps in the production of oil from oilseed to reduce heterocyclic aromatic amines

Contamination by the heterocyclic aromatic amines(HAAs)norharman and harman is one of the risks in vegetable oil production,so oil producers strive to decrease their content in the end products.In this study,the effects of production conditions—specifically,two pretreatment methods(roasting and microwaving),four extraction methods(two pressing and two solvent extraction)and adsorption refining(four absorbents)—of five oils(flaxseed,peanut,rapeseed,sesame,and sunflower seed)were evaluated.The results showed that microwaving as a pretreatment produced significantly fewer HAAs than roasting(P<0.05).After two pretreatments,the HAA content of oils was ranked from high to low as follows:sunflower oil,sesame oil,flaxseed oil,rapeseed oil,and peanut oil.Solvent-extracted oils(9.16–316.73μg/kg)had fewer HAAs than pressed oils(26.61–633.93μg/kg).Using adsorbents reduced HAAs in oils from the initial 21.77–484.22 to 0.31–41.58μg/kg,and the removal rate reached 99.28%.This study provides critical HAA reduction strategies for application in the oil production process to obtain safe final products.

Acupotomy ameliorates knee osteoarthritis-related collagen deposition and fibrosis in rabbit skeletal muscle through the TGF-β/Smad pathway

Objective:To investigate the effects of acupotomy on skeletal muscle fibrosis and collagen deposition in a rabbit knee osteoarthritis(KOA)model.Methods: Rabbits(n=18)were randomly divided into control,KOA,and KOA+acupotomy(Apo)groups(n=6).The rabbits in the KOA and Apo groups were modeled using the modified Videman's method for 6 weeks.After modeling,the Apo group was subjected to acupotomy once a week for 3 weeks on the vastus medialis,vastus lateralis,rectus femoris,biceps femoris,and anserine bursa tendons around the knee.The behavior of all animals was recorded,rectus femoris tissue was obtained,and histomorphological changes were observed using Masson staining and transmission electron microscopy.The expression of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),Smad 3,Smad 7,fibrillar collagen types I(Col-I)and III(Col-III)was detected using Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results: Histological analysis revealed that acupotomy improved the microstructure and reduced the collagen volume fraction of rectus femoris,compared with the KOA group(P=.034).Acupotomy inhibited abnormal collagen deposition by modulating the expression of fibrosis-related proteins and mRNA,thus preventing skeletal muscle fibrosis.Western blot and RT-PCR analysis revealed that in the Apo group,Col-I,and Col-III protein levels were significantly lower than those in the KOA group(both P<.01),same as Col-I and Col-III mRNA levels(P=.0031;P=.0046).Compared with the KOA group,the protein levels of TGF-β1 and Smad 3 were significantly reduced(both P<.01),as were the mRNA levels of TGF-β1 and Smad 3(P=.0007;P=.0011).Conversely,the levels of protein and mRNA of Smad 7 were significantly higher than that in the KOA group(P<.01;P=.0271).Conclusion: Acupotomy could alleviate skeletal muscle fibrosis and delay KOA progress by inhibiting collagen deposition through the TGF-β/Smad pathway in the skeletal muscle of KOA rabbits.

Overview of enhancing biological treatment of coal chemical wastewater:New strategies and future directions

Coal chemical wastewater(CCW)is a type of refractory industrial wastewater,and its treatment has become the main bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of novel coal chemical industry.Biological treatment is considered as an economical,effective and environmentally friendly technology for CCW treatment.However,conventional biological process is difficult to achieve the efficient removal of refractory organics because of CCW with the characteristics of composition complexity and high toxicity.Therefore,seeking the novel enhancement strategy appears to be a favorable solution for enhancing biological treatment efficiency of CCW.This review focuses on presenting a comprehensive picture about the exogenous enhancement strategies for CCW biological treatment.The performance and potential application of exogenous enhancement strategies,including co-metabolic substrate enhancement,biofilm filler enhancement,adsorption material enhancement and conductive mediator enhancement,were expounded.Meanwhile,the enhancing mechanisms of different strategies were comprehensively discussed from a biological perspective.Furthermore,the prospects of enhancement strategies based on the engineering performance,economic cost and environmental impact(3E)evaluation were introduced.And novel enhancement strategy based on“low carbon emissions”,“resource recycling”and“water environment security”in the context of carbon neutrality was proposed.Taken together,this review provides technical reference and new direction to facilitate the regulation and optimization of typical industrial wastewater biological treatment.

Biotoxicity dynamic change and key toxic organics identification of coal chemical wastewater along a novel full-scale treatment process

It is particularly important to comprehensively assess the biotoxicity variation of industrial wastewater along the treatment process for ensuring the water environment security.However,intensive studies on the biotoxicity reduction of industrial wastewater are still limited.In this study,the toxic organics removal and biotoxicity reduction of coal chemical wastewater(CCW)along a novel full-scale treatment process based on the pretreatment process-anaerobic process-biological enhanced(BE)process-anoxic/oxic(A/O)process-advanced treatment process was evaluated.This process performed great removal efficiency of COD,total phenol,NH_(4)^(+)-N and total nitrogen.And the biotoxicity variation along the treatment units was analyzed from the perspective of acute biotoxicity,genotixicity and oxidative damage.The results indicated that the effluent of pretreatment process presented relatively high acute biotoxicity to Tetrahymena thermophila.But the acute biotoxicity was significantly reduced in BE-A/O process.And the genotoxicity and oxidative damage to Tetrahymena thermophila were significantly decreased after advanced treatment.The polar organics in CCW were identified as the main biotoxicity contributors.Phenols were positively correlated with acute biotoxicity,while the nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were positively correlated with genotoxicity.Although the biotoxicity was effectively reduced in the novel full-scale treatment process,the effluent still performed potential biotoxicity,which need to be further explored in order to reduce environmental risk.

Inhibition of Rac1-dependent forgetting alleviates memory deficits in animal models of Alzheimer's disease

Accelerated forgetting has been identified as a feature of Alzheimer's disease(AD),but the therapeutic efficacy of the manipulation of biological mechanisms of forgetting has not been assessed in AD animal models.Ras-re-lated C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1(Rac1),a small GTPase,has been shown to regulate active forgetting in Drosophila and mice?Here,we showed that Rac1 activity is aberrantly elevated in the hippocampal tissues of AD patients and AD animal models.Moreover,amyloid-beta 42 could induce Rac1 activation in cultured cells.The elevation of Rac1 activity not only accelerated 6-hour spatial memory decay in 3-month-old APP/PS1 mice,but also significantly contributed to severe memory loss in aged APP/PS1 mice.A similar age-dependent Rac1 activity-based memory loss was also observed in an AD fly model.Moreover,inhibition of Rac1 activity could ameliorate cognitive defects and synaptic plasticity in AD animal models.Finally,two novel compounds,identified through behavioral screening of a randomly selected pool of brain permeable small molecules for their positive effect in rescuing memory loss in both fly and mouse models,were found to be capable of inhibiting Rac1 activity.Thus,multiple lines of evidence corroborate in supporting the idea that inhibition of Rac1 activity is effective for treating AD-related memory loss.

Reduced Smoothened level rescues Aβ-induced memory deficits and neuronal inflammation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease

Emerging evidence suggests that neuro-inflammation begins early and drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, and anti-inflammatory therapies are under clinical development. However, several anti-inflammatory compounds failed to improve memory in clinical trials, indicating that reducing inflammation alone might not be enough. On the other hand, neuro-inflammation is implicated in a number of mental disorders which share the same therapeutic targets. Based on these observations, we screened a batch of genes related with mental disorder and neuro-inflammation in a classical olfactory conditioning in an amyloid beta （Aβ） overexpression fly model. A Smoothened （SMO） mutant was identified as a genetic modifier of Aβ toxicity in 3-min memory and downregulation of SMO rescued Aβ- induced 3-min and 1-h memory deficiency. Also, Aβ activated innate inflammatory response in fly by increasing the expression of antimicrobial peptides, which were alleviated by downregulating SMO. Furthermore, pharmaceutical administration of a SMO antagonist LDE rescued Aβ-induced upregulation of SMO in astrocytes of mouse hippocampus, improved memory in Morris water maze （MWM）, and reduced expression ofastrocyte secreting pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNFα and the microglia marker IBA-1 in an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model. Our study suggests that SMO is an important conserved modulator of Aβ toxicity in both flv and mouse models of AD.

Effect of different plant growth regulators on callus and adventitious shoots induction,polysaccharides accumulation and antioxidant activity of Rhodiola dumulosa

Objective:As a medicinal plant,the resource of Rhodiola dumulosa is deficient along with the large collection.For the protection and utilization of R.dumulosa,the influence of plant growth regulators(PGRs)on callus induction and adventitious shoots differentiation,polysaccharide production and the antioxidant activity were tested.Methods:Internodes of R.dumulosa were used as explants and cultured on MS medium plus different plant growth regulators(PGRs).The anti-oxidative activities of polysaccharides were evaluated using radical scavenging assays.Results:By response surface plot,0.85 mg/L N6-benzyladenine(BA),0.34 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)and 0.33 mg/L 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D)were the optimal factors for callus induction(90.03%)from internodes explants on MS medium.The fresh weight of green callus increased 47.26 fold,when callus was inoculated on MS+thidiazuron(TDZ)0.5 mg/L+NAA 2.0 mg/L.Adventitious buds regenerated from callus on the media of MS were fortified with BA 1.0 mg/L plus NAA 0.5 mg/L,and the induction rate was 40.00%.MS plus indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)1.0 mg/L produced the highest rooting rate with 10 to 15 roots in a length of 2–3 cm per shoot.The content of total polysaccharides in callus developed on MS+TDZ 0.5 mg/L+NAA 2.0 mg/L and MS+BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L was as high as 1.72%
2.15%.At the dose of 0.5 mg/mL polysaccharides extracted from different callus induced on MS+NAA 2.0 mg/L+TDZ 0.5 mg/L or MS+BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L or MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+2,4-D 0.5 mg/L,the ABTS radical eliminating percentages were 82.78%,80.18%and 68.59%,respectively,much higher than that of wild plant.Conclusion:A rapid micropropagation system for R.dumulosa has been developed.The combination of TDZ and NAA or BA and NAA can increase the yield of the total polysaccharides.The polysaccharides isolated from callus and whole wild plants had stronger free radicals scavenging activities,indicating that polysaccharides from R.dumulosa are the potential pharmaceutical supplements.

Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus

Equine infectious anemia virus(EIAV)is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research.An attenuated EIAV vaccine,which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques,is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date.Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle.However,viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation.The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process,which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1).EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses,making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors.In this review,we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV.The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions.In addition,we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.

渤海油气资源开发对渔业负外部效应研究

本文以渤海油气资源开发为例,探究资源开发与保持对渔业资源的影响。运用实例及数据分析油气开采等过程对渔业资源造成负外部效应的主要影响因素及程度,并结合渤海地区现实发展情况认为注重经济效应的同时要加强环境保护,尤其要发挥公众参与的积极性,实现政府、企业、个人立体全程周期式的参与模式,以为实现国家海洋资源可持续发展提供参考。

基于响应面法的折流板除雾器分离性能优化

用响应面分析法分析不同排液结构对新式异型折流板除雾器气液分离性能的影响,并对排液结构参数进行优化设计.通过单因素实验对比筛选对除雾器性能具有显著影响的关键参数,用中心复合设计实验建立响应面多元回归模型,分析影响除雾器性能系数的参数间交互作用,得出最优参数.结果表明,影响除雾器性能参数的最优取值为分离气速2.6 m/s、排液钩高度7.3mm、前置排液槽和后置排液槽宽度分别为3.1和2.3 mm.优化的折流板除雾器性能系数计算值为2.073,实验值为1.875,优化结果较可靠.

表面润湿性对梯形除雾器分离性能的影响

为解决实际工业中除雾器在高气速时分离效率明显降低的问题,利用除雾器分离实验装置,以水为实验介质,采用电火花线切割技术在叶片表面构建仿生微结构实现表面疏水化,考察了表面润湿性对除雾器分离效率和压降的影响。结果表明,仿生微结构的疏水功能和减阻效应良好,表面液膜的排液速率明显加快。当气速超过5m/s时,其液膜厚度相对较薄,可有效抑制液滴的二次夹带,提升分离效率。同时,疏水型梯形除雾器内的流场分布较平缓,流动阻力小,总压降约为带钩型梯形除雾器的一半。因此,疏水型梯形除雾器兼具高效率和低阻力特性,综合分离性能最佳。