Strength of the North African monsoon in the Last Interglacial and under future warming

与人为强迫引起的全球变暖相比,末次间冰期是轨道强迫引起的过去80万年来最暖的一个间冰期,但鲜有人研究末次间冰期中北非季风的响应.因此,本文基于CMIP6多模式模拟结果对比研究了末次间冰期和SSP5-8.5情景下北非季风的响应,发现末次间冰期下北非季风平均降水及其降水变率均远大于SSP5-8.5情景下的结果.轨道强迫导致的北大西洋暖于南大西洋增加了北非季风环流和平均降水,同时,南北大西洋海温梯度变化通过增强热带北大西洋的海气相互作用增大了海温梯度和撒哈拉低压的变率,从而增强了北非季风降水变率.

What Drives the Decadal Variability of Global Tropical Storm Days from 1965 to 2019?

The tropical storm day(TSD)is a combined measure of genesis and lifespan.It reflects tropical cyclone(TC)overall activity,yet its variability has rarely been studied,especially globally.Here we show that the global total TSDs exhibit pronounced interannual(3-6 years)and decadal(10 years)variations over the past five-to-six decades without a significant trend.The leading modes of the interannual and decadal variability of global TSD feature similar patterns in the western Pacific and Atlantic,but different patterns in the Eastern Pacific and the Southern Indian Ocean.The interannual and decadal leading modes are primarily linked to El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO),respectively.The TSDs-ENSO relationship has been steady during the entire 55-year period,but the TSDs-PDO relationship has experienced a breakdown in the 1980 s.We find that the decadal variation of TSD in the Pacific is associated with the PDO sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific(PDO-E),while that in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean is associated with the PDO SST anomalies in the western Pacific(PDO-W).However,the PDO-E and PDO-W SST anomalies are poorly coupled in the 1980 s,and this"destructive PDO"pattern results in a breakdown of the TSDs-PDO relationship.The results here have an important implication for seasonal to decadal predictions of global TSD.

Impacts of major volcanic eruptions over the past two millennia on both global and Chinese climates:A review

Major volcanic eruptions(MVEs)have attracted increasing attention from the scientific community.Previous studies have explored the climatic impact of MVEs over the past two millennia.However,proxy-based reconstructions and climate model simulations indicate divergent responses of global and China’s regional climates to MVEs.Here,we used multiple data from observations,reconstructions,simulations,and assimilations to summarize the historical facts of MVEs,the characteristics and mechanisms of their climatic impact,and directions for future research.We reviewed volcanic datasets and determined intensive MVE periods;these periods corresponded to the years 530–700,1200‒1460,and 1600‒1840 CE.After tropical MVEs,a substantial cooling effect is observed throughout the globe and China on the interannual-interdecadal time scales but an inconsistent cooling magnitude is detected between reconstructions and simulations.In the first summer after tropical MVEs,a decrease in global and monsoonal precipitation is observed.In reconstructions and simulations,an increased precipitation is seen for the Yangtze River Basin,while large uncertainties in precipitation changes are present for other regions of China.Decadal drought can be induced by frequent eruptions and volcanism superimposed on low solar irradiation and internal variability.MVEs affect climate directly through the radiative effect and indirectly by modulating internal variability,such as the El Niño‒Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO).However,changes in the phase,amplitude,and periodicity of ENSO and AMO after MVEs and the associated mechanisms remain controversial,which could account for model-reconstruction disagreements.Moreover,other internal variability,uncertainties in reconstruction methods and aerosol‒climate models,and climate background may also induce model-reconstruction disagreements.Knowledge gaps and directions for future research are also discussed.

Sahara’s surface transformation forced an abrupt hydroclimate decline and Neolithic culture transition in northern China

The remote forcing from land surface changes in the Sahara is hypothesized to play a pivotal role in modulating the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)through ocean-atmospheric teleconnections.This modulation has far-reaching consequences,particularly in facilitating societal shifts documented in northern China.Here,we present a well-dated lake-level record from the Daihai Lake Basin in northern China,providing quantitative assessments of Holocene monsoonal precipitation and the consequent migrations of the northern boundary of the EASM.Our reconstruction,informed by a water-and-energy balance model,indicates that annual precipitation reached700 mm during 8–5 ka,followed by a rapid decline to tween 5 and 4 ka.This shift coherently aligns with a signi550 mm be-ficant300 km northwestward movement of the EASM northern boundary during the Middle Holocene(MH),in contrast to its current position.Our findings underscore that these changes cannot be entirely attributed to orbital forcing,as corroborated by simulation tests.Climate model simulations deployed in our study suggest that the presence of the Green Sahara during the MH significantly strengthened the EASM and led to a northward shift of the monsoon rainfall belt.Conversely,the Sahara’s reversion to a desert landscape in the late Holocene was accompanied by a corresponding southward retraction of monsoon influence.These dramatic hydroclimate changes during5–4 ka likely triggered or at least contributed to a shift in Neolithic cultures and societal transformation in northern China.With decreasing agricultural productivity,communities transitioned from millet farming to a mixed rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry system.Thus,our findings elucidate not only the variability of the EASM but also the profound implications of a remote forcing,such as surface transformations of the Sahara,on climatic changes and cultural evolution in northern China.

过去2000年北半球不同纬度温度对火山活动的响应

火山活动是影响气候变率的重要外强迫因子,研究火山喷发对气候的影响有助于提高对温度变化的提前预警,也对未来地球工程计划具有指示意义.然而,目前仍不清楚不同纬度的火山喷发影响北半球不同纬度温度变化的特征、敏感性和影响机理.本研究基于通用地球系统模式完成了涵盖过去2000年的火山活动敏感性试验,并挑选出大于5 Tg的21个北半球火山(NHV)、31个热带火山(TRV)和18个南半球火山(SHV)喷发事件,分别探究了这三类火山喷发对北半球低、中和高纬度温度变化的影响.研究发现:TRV的总喷发强度是NHV和SHV的1.9和3.3倍,喷发后对各纬度的降温影响最强.然而,换算为相同喷发强度下,在火山喷发后第1~24月, TRV和NHV对北半球低纬度降温效率相近(约-1℃/100 Tg),而SHV贡献相对较弱;NHV对北半球中、高纬度降温效率最强(-1.9和-2.3℃/100 Tg),约是TRV的2倍,而SHV则没有显著影响.具体的影响机理是:不同纬度的火山喷发均通过阻挡大气顶层短波辐射的直接作用造成北半球低、中纬度的降温.在高纬度地区, NHV和TRV在第1~24月通过减弱短波辐射造成地表降温,引起海冰扩张,从而触发海冰-反照率正反馈机制加强夏、秋季降温;而在第25~48月火山气溶胶大量衰退,高纬度降温则来自于中高纬度海洋向北热输送的减少这一间接作用使海冰-反照率机制得以维持的影响,且海洋向北热输送的减弱对NHV更为敏感,约为TRV的2倍.

Size-controlled MoS2 nanodots supported on reduced graphene oxide for hydrogen evolution reaction and sodium-ion batteries

Transition metal dichalcogenide nanodots （NDs） have received considerable interest. We report a facile bottom-up synthetic route for MoS2 NDs by using molybdenum pentachloride and L-cysteine as precursors in oleylamine. The synthesis of NDs with a narrow size distribution ranging from 2.2 to 5.3 nm, was tailored by controlling the reaction time. Because of its coating characteristics, oleyalmine leads to uniformity and monodispersity of the NDs. Moreover, the NDs synthesized have large specific surface areas providing active sites. Graphene possesses outstanding conductivity. Combining the advantages of the two materials, the 0D/2D material exhibits superior electrochemical performance because of the 2D permeable channels for ion adsorption, energy storage, and conversion. The as-prepared MoS2/rGO （-2.2 nm） showed a stable capacity of 220 mAh.g-1 after 10,000 cycles at the current density of 20 A.g-1. Furthermore, a reversible capacity -140 mAh·g-1 was obtained at a much higher current density of 40 A.g-L Additionally, this composite exhibited superior catalytic performance evidenced by a small overpotential （222 mV） to afford 10 mA.cm-2, and a small Tafel slope （59.8 mV-decade-1） with good acid-stability. The facile approach may pave the way for the preparation of NDs with these nanostructures for numerous applications.

Simulation of Centennial-Scale Drought Events over Eastern China during the Past 1500 Years

The characteristics and causes of centennial-scale drought events over eastern China during the past 1500 years were explored based on simulations of the Community Earth System Model （CESM）. The results show that centenni- al-scale drought events over eastern China occurred during the periods of 622-735 （Drought period 1, D1） and 1420-1516 （Drought period 2, D2） over the past 1500 years, which is comparable with climate proxy data. In D1, the drought center occurred in northern China and the Yangtze River valley; however, in southern China, precipitation was much more than usual. In D2, decreased precipitation was found across almost the whole region of eastern China. The direct cause of these two drought events was the weakened East Asian summer monsoon, and the specif- ic process was closely linked to the air-sea interaction of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. In DI, regions of maximum cool- ing were observed over the western Pacific, which may have led to anomalous subsidence, weakening the Walker cir- culation, and reducing the northward transport of water vapor. Additionally, upward motion occurred over southern China, strengthening convection and increasing precipitation. In D2, owing to the decrease in the SST, subsidence dominated the North Indian Ocean, blocking the low-level cross-equatorial flow, enhancing the tropical westerly an- omalies, and reducing the northward transport of moisture. Additionally, descending motion appeared in eastern China, subsequently decreasing the precipitation over the whole region of eastern China. The anomalous cooling of the Indo-Pacific Ocean SST may have been caused by the persistently low solar irradiation in D1; whereas, in D2, this characteristic may have been influenced not only by persistently low solar irradiation, but frequent volcanic erup- tions too.

Synthesis of size-controlled CoMn2O4 quantum dots supported on carbon nanotubes for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction/evolution

A combined hot-injection and heat-up method was developed to synthesize monodisperse and uniform CoMn2O4 quantum dots （CMO QDs）.CMO QDs with average size of 2.0,3.9,and 5.4 nm were selectively obtained at 80,90,and 105 ℃,respectively.The CMO QDs supported on carbon nanotubes （CNTs） were employed as catalysts for the oxygen reduction/evolution reaction （ORR/OER） in alkaline solution to investigate their size-performance relationship.The results revealed that the amount of surface-adsorbed oxygen and the band gap energy,which affect the charge transfer in the oxygen electrocatalysis processes,strongly depend on the size of the CMO QDs.The CMO-3.9/CNT hybrid,consisting of CNT-supported CMO QDs of 3.9 nm size,possesses a moderate amount of surfaceadsorbed oxygen,a lower band gap energy,and a larger charge carrier concentration,and exhibits the highest electrocatalytic activity among the hybrid materials investigated.Moreover,the CMO-3.9/CNT hybrid displays ORR and OER performances similar to those of the benchmark Pt/C and RuO2 catalysts,respectively,due to the strong carbon-oxide interactions and the high dispersion of CoMn2O4 QDs on the carbon substrate;this reveals the huge potential of the CMO-3.9/CNT hybrid as a bifunctional OER/ORR electrocatalyst.The present results highlight the importance of controlling the size of metal oxide nanodots in the design of active oxygen electrocatalysts based on spinel-type,nonprecious metal oxides.