阿拉善沙漠物源和输沙带研究进展及其对“三北”工程风沙口治理的启示

位于内蒙古西部的阿拉善高原分布着中国面积第二、第四大的巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠,是中国北方粉尘的重要源区,也是西北路风沙进京的重要通道。这两大沙漠目前已被纳入新“三北”工程河西走廊-塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘阻击战的重点治理区域,斩断两大沙漠“握手”、锁边固沙是本区的治理难点。为了给“三北”工程风沙口治理和相关基础研究提供全面深入的参考,回顾了对两大沙漠物源和围绕雅布赖山形成的“握手”输沙带的重要研究进展,并提出了未来应围绕风沙源区和传输机制、锁边林草建设和防护林退化机制以及发挥风能资源优势等方面开展科研创新,以科技攻关带动“三北”工程攻坚,为打赢“三北”工程三大战役提供支撑。

“三北”工程山水林田湖草沙“皮”“毛”兼治的生态治理新理念

过去10年来,中国创造性提出并发展了山水林田湖草沙系统治理、综合治理、源头治理、全域治理等生态治理新理念,实现了从单一要素治理到多要素一体化治理、从九龙治水到流域统筹的转变。在“三北”等重点生态工程建设实践中,如何统筹土地要素(生态用地)和植被要素(生产力)的生态治理仍然存在困难。分析了山水林田湖草沙7类要素特征的独特性,提出“三北”工程山水林田湖草沙“皮”“毛”兼治的理念,介绍了“皮”“毛”兼治的典型区和典型案例,为未来沙区开展荒漠化综合防治和“三北”等重点生态工程建设提供了新的思考。

Land cooperatives as an approach of suburban space construction： Under the reform of Chinese land transfer market

In China, the urban-rural dual structure of land market has resulted in urban sprawl caused by industrial diffusion. Urban sprawl disintegrated agricultural communities in suburbs, thereby increasing the unemployment rate among farmers who lost their lands. To address this problem, the Chinese government proposed a reform program to analyze the monopoly of the government in the land market and guarantee the property rights of farmers. This study analyzed the connection between land market mechanism and suburban space formation. Results concluded that the current land transfer system caused industrial urban sprawl, and the reform program may promote the urban sprawl of population. Two typical models of rural land development were studied. A model called land cooperatives based on land pooling joint stock system was proposed to build a compact and sustainable suburban space.