Free space optical(FSO)communication has recently aroused great interest in academia due to its unique features,such as large transmission band,high data rates,and strong anti-electromagnetic interference.With the aim...Free space optical(FSO)communication has recently aroused great interest in academia due to its unique features,such as large transmission band,high data rates,and strong anti-electromagnetic interference.With the aim of evaluating the performance of an FSO communication system and extending the line-of-sight transmission distance,we propose an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-assisted dual-hop FSO communication system equipped with amplifyand-forward protocol at the relay node.Specifically,we consider impairments of atmospheric absorption,pointing errors,atmospheric turbulence,and link interruptions due to angle-of-arrival fluctuations in the relay system.The Gamma-Gamma and Malaga distributions are used to model the influence of atmospheric turbulence on the source-to-UAV and UAVto-destination links,respectively.We derive closedform expressions of the probability density function(PDF)and cumulative distribution function(CDF)for the proposed communication system,in terms of the Meijer-G function.Based on the precise PDF and CDF,analytical expressions for the outage probability,average bit error rate,and ergodic capacity are proposed with the aid of the extended generalized bivariate Fox’s H function.Finally,we show that there is a match between the analytical results and numerical results,and we analyze the influence of the system and channel parameters on the performance.展开更多
The space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)has gained widespread attention from academia and industry in recent years.It is widely applied in many practical fields such as global observation and mapping,intelligent...The space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)has gained widespread attention from academia and industry in recent years.It is widely applied in many practical fields such as global observation and mapping,intelligent transportation systems,and military missions.As an information carrier of air platforms,the deployment strategy of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)is essential for communication systems’performance.In this paper,we discuss a UAV broadcast coverage strategy that can maximize energy efficiency(EE)under terrestrial users’requirements.Due to the non-convexity of this issue,conventional approaches often solve with heuristics algorithms or alternate optimization.To this end,we propose an iterative algorithm by optimizing trajectory and power allocation jointly.Firstly,we discrete the UAV trajectory into several stop points and propose a user grouping strategy based on the traveling salesman problem(TSP)to acquire the number of stop points and the optimization range.Then,we use the Dinkelbach method to dispose of the fractional form and transform the original problem into an iteratively solvable convex optimization problem by variable substitution and Taylor approximation.Numerical results validate our proposed solution and outperform the benchmark schemes in EE and mission completion time.展开更多
Deep space communication has been a fundamental guarantee for space exploration but encounters solar scintillation during superior solar conjunction.In this paper,a paradigm for deep space-terrestrial free space optic...Deep space communication has been a fundamental guarantee for space exploration but encounters solar scintillation during superior solar conjunction.In this paper,a paradigm for deep space-terrestrial free space optical(FSO)/radio frequency(RF)communication is proposed,and the outage probability performance of the dual-hop amplify-and-forward(AF)based FSO/RF communication system is investigated.Specifically,the asymmetric dual-hop channel models are considered,where the Gamma-Gamma distribution characterizes the FSO link between the deep space probe and a relay satellite that undergoes coronal turbulence,while the RF link between the satellite and the terrestrial receiver follows the shadowed-Rician fading model due to the shadowing effect.Moreover,the closed-form expressions of the outage probability for both channel state information(CSI)-assisted and fixed gain relay systems are presented with the consideration of multiple antennas equipped on the destination,which provide practical insights to the link performance.Simulation results present the validation of our theoretical expressions and highlight a strategy for the improvement of the outage probability performance for deep space-terrestrial communication.Finally,some open issues and research directions that should be further investigated for the actual deep space communication system during superior solar conjunction are identified.展开更多
Despite recent advances in melanoma treatment through the use of antibody immunotherapy,the clinical benefit remains restricted by its inefficient infiltration and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment(T...Despite recent advances in melanoma treatment through the use of antibody immunotherapy,the clinical benefit remains restricted by its inefficient infiltration and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment(TME).In addition,immunerelated adverse events(irAEs)have often occurred due to the off-target binding of therapeutic drugs to normal tissues after systematic administration.Herein,we constructed an integrated and cascaded drug delivery system for the treatment of melanoma.In addition to blocking the programmed cell death protein 1 or its ligand(PD-1/PD-L1)axis,the PD-L1 targeting peptide(FE)with spherical micelle self-assembly characteristics could also effectively encapsulate the immune adjuvant resiquimod(R848),and form a complete nano drug.FE^(R)was further integrated into tumor-responsive microneedles(MNs)to establish FE^(R)@MN and could reach the cascaded functions.FE^(R)could be sustainedly released from the MN system and disassemble into monomers,achieving PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade whilst reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME.Notably,FE^(R)@MN permits the controllable release and retention enhancement of the targeting peptide in the TME,thus causing prolonged PD-L1 blockade effect.It is demonstrated that this synergistic treatment could efficiently inhibit melanoma growth,providing a new strategy for the combination treatment of melanoma.展开更多
Background:N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)modification is the most common modification that occurs in eukaryotes.Although substantial effort has been made in the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer(GC)in recent year...Background:N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)modification is the most common modification that occurs in eukaryotes.Although substantial effort has been made in the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer(GC)in recent years,the prognosis of GC patients remains unsatisfactory.The regulatory mechanism between m^(6)A modification and GC development needs to be elucidated.In this study,we examined m^(6)A modification and the downstream mechanism in GC.Methods:Dot blotting assays,The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis,and quantitative real‑time PCR(qRT-PCR)were used to measure the m^(6)A levels in GC tissues.Methylated RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencingwere performed to identify the targets ofm^(6)Amodification.Western blotting,Transwell,wound healing,and angiogenesis assays were conducted to examine the role of centromere protein F(CENPF)in GC in vitro.Xenograft,immunohistochemistry,and in vivo metastasis experiments were conducted to examine the role of CENPF in GC in vivo.Methylated RNA-immunoprecipitation-qPCR,RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR and RNA pulldown assays were used to verify the m^(6)A modification sites of CENPF.Gain/loss-of-function and rescue experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between CENPF and the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway in GC cells.Coimmunoprecipitation,mass spectrometry,qRT-PCR,and immunofluorescence assays were performed to explore the proteins that interact with CENPF and elucidate the regulatory mechanisms between them.Results:CENPF was upregulated in GC and facilitated the metastasis of GC both in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,increasedm^(6)A modification of CENPF was mediated by methyltransferase 3,and this modified molecule could be recognized by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1(HNRNPA2B1),thereby promoting its mRNA stability.In addition,the metastatic phenotype of CENPF was dependent on the MAPK signaling pathway.Furthermore,CENPF could bind to FAK and promote its localization in the cytoplasm.Moreover,we discovered that high expression of CENPF was related to lymphatic invasion and overall survival in GC patients.Conclusions:Our findings revealed that increased m^(6)A modification of CENPF facilitates the metastasis and angiogenesis of GC through the CENPF/FAK/MAPK and epithelial-mesenchymal transition axis.CENPF expression was correlated with the clinical features of GC patients;therefore,CENPF may serve as a prognostic marker of GC.展开更多
Thera no stic nano particles are integrated systems useful for simulta neous diag nosis and imaging guided delivery of therapeutic drugs, with wide ranging pote ntial applicati ons in the clinic. Here we developed a t...Thera no stic nano particles are integrated systems useful for simulta neous diag nosis and imaging guided delivery of therapeutic drugs, with wide ranging pote ntial applicati ons in the clinic. Here we developed a thera no stic nan oparticle (~24 nm size by dynamic light scatteri ng) p-FE-PTX-FA based on polymeric micelle encapsulating an organic dye (FE) fluorescing in the 1,000-1,700 nm second near-infrared (NIR-Ⅱ) window and an an ti-ca ncer drug paclitaxel. Folic acid (FA) was conjugated to the nan oparticles to afford specific binding to molecular folate receptors on muri ne breast can cer 4T1 tumor cells. In vivo, the nan oparticles accumulated in 4T1 tumor through both passive and active targeting effect. Under an 808 nm laser excitation, fluorescence detection above 1,300 nm afforded a large Stokes shift, allowing targeted molecular imaging tumor with high signal to background ratios, reaching a high tumor to normal tissue signal ratio (T/NT) of (20.0±2.3). Further, 4T1 tumors on mice were completed eradicated by paclitaxel released from p-FE-PTA-FA within 20 days of the first injection. Pharmacokinetics and histology studies indicated p-FE-PTX-FA had no obvious toxic side effects to major organs. This represented the first NIR-Ⅱ theranostic age nt developed.展开更多
Programmed death 1(PD-1)and its ligand PD-L1 are two typical immune checkpoints.Antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)strategy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 achieved a significant therapeutic effect on cancer.However,d...Programmed death 1(PD-1)and its ligand PD-L1 are two typical immune checkpoints.Antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)strategy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 achieved a significant therapeutic effect on cancer.However,due to the impenetrability of antibody drugs and the occurrence of immune-related adverse events,only a minority of patients benefit from this treatment.Peptides multimerization has been widely proved to be an effective method to improve receptor binding affinity through a multivalent synergistic effect.In this study,we report a novel peptide-aggregation-induced emission(AIE)hybrid supramolecular TAP,which can self-assemble into nanofibers through non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds,with a specific nanomolar affinity to PD-L1 in vivo and in vitro.Combined with near-infrared agents,it can be used for tumor imaging and photothermal therapy,which enables photothermal ablation of cancer cells for generating tumor-associated antigen(TAA)and triggering a series of immunological events.Collectively,our work suggests that synthetic self-assembled peptide nanofibers can be developed as attractive platforms for active photothermal immunotherapies against cancer.展开更多
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with a non-zero bandgap are regarded as a promising candidate for the fabrica- tion of electronic devices. In this study, large-scale solution synthesis of narrow GNRs was firstly achieve...Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with a non-zero bandgap are regarded as a promising candidate for the fabrica- tion of electronic devices. In this study, large-scale solution synthesis of narrow GNRs was firstly achieved by the intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of kinked tetraphenylethene (TPE) polymer precursors prepared by A2B2-type Suzuki-Miyaura polymerization. After the cyclization reaction, the nanoribbons have a better conjugation than the twisted polymer precursor, resulting in obvious red shift in UV/vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The efficient formation of conjugated nanoribbons was also investigated by Raman, FTIR spectroscopy, and micro- scopic studies. Furthermore, such structurally well-defined GNRs have been successfully developed for top-gated field-effect transistor (FET) by directly solution processing. The AFM images show that the prepared-GNRs thin films form crystalline fibrillar intercalating networks, which can effectively facilitate the charge transport. These FET devices with ion-gel gate dielectrics exhibit low-voltage operation (〈5 V) with excellent mobility up to 0.41 cm2·V-1·s-1 and an on-off ratio of 3 × 104, thus opening up new opportunities for flexible GNRs-based electronic devices.展开更多
Unlike fossil fuels,hydrogen is a renewable and clean energy source.It is available in a large amount and spreads throughout the world.When reacting with oxygen,hydrogen releases energy to produce water as the only pr...Unlike fossil fuels,hydrogen is a renewable and clean energy source.It is available in a large amount and spreads throughout the world.When reacting with oxygen,hydrogen releases energy to produce water as the only product.Hence,hydrogen is a promising alternative to fossil fuels[1].Today,most of hydrogen is produced via the steam methane reforming process,in which hightemperature steam is used to produce hydrogen from a methane source.However,methane is non-renewable,and carbon dioxide is generated in the reforming process.展开更多
文摘Free space optical(FSO)communication has recently aroused great interest in academia due to its unique features,such as large transmission band,high data rates,and strong anti-electromagnetic interference.With the aim of evaluating the performance of an FSO communication system and extending the line-of-sight transmission distance,we propose an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-assisted dual-hop FSO communication system equipped with amplifyand-forward protocol at the relay node.Specifically,we consider impairments of atmospheric absorption,pointing errors,atmospheric turbulence,and link interruptions due to angle-of-arrival fluctuations in the relay system.The Gamma-Gamma and Malaga distributions are used to model the influence of atmospheric turbulence on the source-to-UAV and UAVto-destination links,respectively.We derive closedform expressions of the probability density function(PDF)and cumulative distribution function(CDF)for the proposed communication system,in terms of the Meijer-G function.Based on the precise PDF and CDF,analytical expressions for the outage probability,average bit error rate,and ergodic capacity are proposed with the aid of the extended generalized bivariate Fox’s H function.Finally,we show that there is a match between the analytical results and numerical results,and we analyze the influence of the system and channel parameters on the performance.
基金co-supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62171158)the Major Key Project of PCL (PCL2021A03-1)
文摘The space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)has gained widespread attention from academia and industry in recent years.It is widely applied in many practical fields such as global observation and mapping,intelligent transportation systems,and military missions.As an information carrier of air platforms,the deployment strategy of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)is essential for communication systems’performance.In this paper,we discuss a UAV broadcast coverage strategy that can maximize energy efficiency(EE)under terrestrial users’requirements.Due to the non-convexity of this issue,conventional approaches often solve with heuristics algorithms or alternate optimization.To this end,we propose an iterative algorithm by optimizing trajectory and power allocation jointly.Firstly,we discrete the UAV trajectory into several stop points and propose a user grouping strategy based on the traveling salesman problem(TSP)to acquire the number of stop points and the optimization range.Then,we use the Dinkelbach method to dispose of the fractional form and transform the original problem into an iteratively solvable convex optimization problem by variable substitution and Taylor approximation.Numerical results validate our proposed solution and outperform the benchmark schemes in EE and mission completion time.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61801181,61831008,61771197)The Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves(MoE)(No.EMW201902)The Verification Platform of Multi-tier Coverage Communication Network for Oceans(No.LZC0020)。
文摘Deep space communication has been a fundamental guarantee for space exploration but encounters solar scintillation during superior solar conjunction.In this paper,a paradigm for deep space-terrestrial free space optical(FSO)/radio frequency(RF)communication is proposed,and the outage probability performance of the dual-hop amplify-and-forward(AF)based FSO/RF communication system is investigated.Specifically,the asymmetric dual-hop channel models are considered,where the Gamma-Gamma distribution characterizes the FSO link between the deep space probe and a relay satellite that undergoes coronal turbulence,while the RF link between the satellite and the terrestrial receiver follows the shadowed-Rician fading model due to the shadowing effect.Moreover,the closed-form expressions of the outage probability for both channel state information(CSI)-assisted and fixed gain relay systems are presented with the consideration of multiple antennas equipped on the destination,which provide practical insights to the link performance.Simulation results present the validation of our theoretical expressions and highlight a strategy for the improvement of the outage probability performance for deep space-terrestrial communication.Finally,some open issues and research directions that should be further investigated for the actual deep space communication system during superior solar conjunction are identified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22074006)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2222029)Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars.
文摘Despite recent advances in melanoma treatment through the use of antibody immunotherapy,the clinical benefit remains restricted by its inefficient infiltration and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment(TME).In addition,immunerelated adverse events(irAEs)have often occurred due to the off-target binding of therapeutic drugs to normal tissues after systematic administration.Herein,we constructed an integrated and cascaded drug delivery system for the treatment of melanoma.In addition to blocking the programmed cell death protein 1 or its ligand(PD-1/PD-L1)axis,the PD-L1 targeting peptide(FE)with spherical micelle self-assembly characteristics could also effectively encapsulate the immune adjuvant resiquimod(R848),and form a complete nano drug.FE^(R)was further integrated into tumor-responsive microneedles(MNs)to establish FE^(R)@MN and could reach the cascaded functions.FE^(R)could be sustainedly released from the MN system and disassemble into monomers,achieving PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade whilst reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME.Notably,FE^(R)@MN permits the controllable release and retention enhancement of the targeting peptide in the TME,thus causing prolonged PD-L1 blockade effect.It is demonstrated that this synergistic treatment could efficiently inhibit melanoma growth,providing a new strategy for the combination treatment of melanoma.
基金Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2019FY101104National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:81871946,82072708+6 种基金Primary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:BE2016786Program for Development of Innovative Research Team in the First Affiliated Hospital of NJMUPriority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,Grant/Award Number:JX10231801Jiangsu Key Medical Discipline,Grant/Award Number:ZDXKA2016005Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers,Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical University。
文摘Background:N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)modification is the most common modification that occurs in eukaryotes.Although substantial effort has been made in the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer(GC)in recent years,the prognosis of GC patients remains unsatisfactory.The regulatory mechanism between m^(6)A modification and GC development needs to be elucidated.In this study,we examined m^(6)A modification and the downstream mechanism in GC.Methods:Dot blotting assays,The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis,and quantitative real‑time PCR(qRT-PCR)were used to measure the m^(6)A levels in GC tissues.Methylated RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencingwere performed to identify the targets ofm^(6)Amodification.Western blotting,Transwell,wound healing,and angiogenesis assays were conducted to examine the role of centromere protein F(CENPF)in GC in vitro.Xenograft,immunohistochemistry,and in vivo metastasis experiments were conducted to examine the role of CENPF in GC in vivo.Methylated RNA-immunoprecipitation-qPCR,RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR and RNA pulldown assays were used to verify the m^(6)A modification sites of CENPF.Gain/loss-of-function and rescue experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between CENPF and the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway in GC cells.Coimmunoprecipitation,mass spectrometry,qRT-PCR,and immunofluorescence assays were performed to explore the proteins that interact with CENPF and elucidate the regulatory mechanisms between them.Results:CENPF was upregulated in GC and facilitated the metastasis of GC both in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,increasedm^(6)A modification of CENPF was mediated by methyltransferase 3,and this modified molecule could be recognized by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1(HNRNPA2B1),thereby promoting its mRNA stability.In addition,the metastatic phenotype of CENPF was dependent on the MAPK signaling pathway.Furthermore,CENPF could bind to FAK and promote its localization in the cytoplasm.Moreover,we discovered that high expression of CENPF was related to lymphatic invasion and overall survival in GC patients.Conclusions:Our findings revealed that increased m^(6)A modification of CENPF facilitates the metastasis and angiogenesis of GC through the CENPF/FAK/MAPK and epithelial-mesenchymal transition axis.CENPF expression was correlated with the clinical features of GC patients;therefore,CENPF may serve as a prognostic marker of GC.
文摘Thera no stic nano particles are integrated systems useful for simulta neous diag nosis and imaging guided delivery of therapeutic drugs, with wide ranging pote ntial applicati ons in the clinic. Here we developed a thera no stic nan oparticle (~24 nm size by dynamic light scatteri ng) p-FE-PTX-FA based on polymeric micelle encapsulating an organic dye (FE) fluorescing in the 1,000-1,700 nm second near-infrared (NIR-Ⅱ) window and an an ti-ca ncer drug paclitaxel. Folic acid (FA) was conjugated to the nan oparticles to afford specific binding to molecular folate receptors on muri ne breast can cer 4T1 tumor cells. In vivo, the nan oparticles accumulated in 4T1 tumor through both passive and active targeting effect. Under an 808 nm laser excitation, fluorescence detection above 1,300 nm afforded a large Stokes shift, allowing targeted molecular imaging tumor with high signal to background ratios, reaching a high tumor to normal tissue signal ratio (T/NT) of (20.0±2.3). Further, 4T1 tumors on mice were completed eradicated by paclitaxel released from p-FE-PTA-FA within 20 days of the first injection. Pharmacokinetics and histology studies indicated p-FE-PTX-FA had no obvious toxic side effects to major organs. This represented the first NIR-Ⅱ theranostic age nt developed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32027801,81801766,21775031,and 31870992)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XDB36000000 and XDB38010400)+3 种基金Foundation of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(No.HZ2021006)CAS-JSPS(No.GJHZ2094)Fujian Medical University Foundation for the Introduction of Talents(Nos.XRCZX2017020,XRCZX2019005,and XRCZX2019018)the Joint Funds for the innovation of science and Technology Fujian Province(No.2019Y9001).
文摘Programmed death 1(PD-1)and its ligand PD-L1 are two typical immune checkpoints.Antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)strategy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 achieved a significant therapeutic effect on cancer.However,due to the impenetrability of antibody drugs and the occurrence of immune-related adverse events,only a minority of patients benefit from this treatment.Peptides multimerization has been widely proved to be an effective method to improve receptor binding affinity through a multivalent synergistic effect.In this study,we report a novel peptide-aggregation-induced emission(AIE)hybrid supramolecular TAP,which can self-assemble into nanofibers through non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds,with a specific nanomolar affinity to PD-L1 in vivo and in vitro.Combined with near-infrared agents,it can be used for tumor imaging and photothermal therapy,which enables photothermal ablation of cancer cells for generating tumor-associated antigen(TAA)and triggering a series of immunological events.Collectively,our work suggests that synthetic self-assembled peptide nanofibers can be developed as attractive platforms for active photothermal immunotherapies against cancer.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21274027 and 20974022) and the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (15ZZ002).
文摘Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with a non-zero bandgap are regarded as a promising candidate for the fabrica- tion of electronic devices. In this study, large-scale solution synthesis of narrow GNRs was firstly achieved by the intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of kinked tetraphenylethene (TPE) polymer precursors prepared by A2B2-type Suzuki-Miyaura polymerization. After the cyclization reaction, the nanoribbons have a better conjugation than the twisted polymer precursor, resulting in obvious red shift in UV/vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The efficient formation of conjugated nanoribbons was also investigated by Raman, FTIR spectroscopy, and micro- scopic studies. Furthermore, such structurally well-defined GNRs have been successfully developed for top-gated field-effect transistor (FET) by directly solution processing. The AFM images show that the prepared-GNRs thin films form crystalline fibrillar intercalating networks, which can effectively facilitate the charge transport. These FET devices with ion-gel gate dielectrics exhibit low-voltage operation (〈5 V) with excellent mobility up to 0.41 cm2·V-1·s-1 and an on-off ratio of 3 × 104, thus opening up new opportunities for flexible GNRs-based electronic devices.
基金This research was supported by the Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids,Ministry of Education(FMS201930)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21201008)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(1208085QB31)the Natural Science Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province(No.KJ2017A311).
文摘Unlike fossil fuels,hydrogen is a renewable and clean energy source.It is available in a large amount and spreads throughout the world.When reacting with oxygen,hydrogen releases energy to produce water as the only product.Hence,hydrogen is a promising alternative to fossil fuels[1].Today,most of hydrogen is produced via the steam methane reforming process,in which hightemperature steam is used to produce hydrogen from a methane source.However,methane is non-renewable,and carbon dioxide is generated in the reforming process.