Comparison of ITG and TEM Microturbulence in DⅢ-D Tokamak

Microturbulence excited by ion temperature gradient(ITG)-dominant and trapped electron mode(TEM)-dominant instabilities is compared in the fusion plasmas using gyrokinetic simulations based on the realistic equilibrium data from DⅢ-D discharges.Collisions make a difference between two plasmas and give rise to similar results to those found in previous research experiments[Chin.Phys.Lett.35(2018)105201].The mode structures and frequency spectrum of the most unstable modes characterized by the ITG-dominant and TEM-dominant instabilities are excited in the lower and higher T. plasmas in the linear simulations.In the nonlinear simulations,contour plots of the perturbed potential are shown in the saturated stage,with the radial correlation lengths being microscopic on the order of the ion thermal gyroradius ρi in both the ITG and the TEM microturbulences.The dominant mode wavelengths of the perturbed potential increase when evolving from linear to nonlinear stages in both simulations, with the fluctuation energy spreading from the linearly dominant modes to the nonlinearly dominant modes.The radial correlation lengths are about 4ρi and the electron density fluctuation intensities are about 0.85% in the nonlinear saturated stage,which are in agreement with the experimental results.

Alpha/proton Instability in the Presence of Proton and Alpha Temperature Anisotropy and its Application to the Deceleration of Alpha Particles in the Solar Wind

Observations of solar wind plasma find that the drift velocity between alpha beams and protons,vα,is reduced with the heliocentric distance,but the ratio of vαto vA(the local Alfven velocity)does not vary obviously and has a typical velocity ratio of vα/vA≤1.The alpha beam instability is believed to be responsible for the deceleration of alpha beams in the solar wind.However,the role of the temperature anisotropy of ions(protons and alpha particles)on the alpha beam instability has not been examined.Based on the kinetic theory of the PDRK solver,this study systemically investigates the alpha beam instability in the presence of proton and alpha temperature anisotropies and considers the effects of these temperature anisotropies on the instability at an arbitrary propagation angle relative to the ambient magnetic field.It is found that the real frequencies,growth rates and threshold conditions of the excited waves sensitively depend on the proton temperature anisotropy T_(i⊥)/T_(i‖)and the alpha temperature anisotropy T_(α⊥)/T_(α‖),as well as the parallel electron betaβe‖.In particular,for both alpha beam and proton temperature anisotropy driven cases,the parallel magnetosonic/whistler(PM/W),backward magnetosonic/whistler(BM/W)and oblique Alfvén/ion cyclotron(OA/IC)waves arise when T_(i⊥)/T_(i‖)<1,and the PM/W,OA/IC,parallel Alfven/ion cyclotron(PA/IC)and mirror waves occur when T_(i⊥)/T_(i‖)>1.The presence of anisotropic protons leads to a lower velocity threshold for the OA/IC and BM/W waves at T_(i⊥)/T_(i‖)<1 and for the OA/IC,PA/IC and mirror waves at T_(i⊥)/T_(i‖)>1.For both alpha beam and alpha temperature anisotropy driven cases,the PM/W and OA/IC waves are unstable when T_(α⊥)/T_(α‖)<1,and the PM/W,OA/IC,PA/IC,oblique magnetosonic/whistler(OM/W)and mirror waves are likely to grow as T_(α⊥)/T_(α‖)>1.The presence of anisotropic alpha particles results in a lower threshold velocity for the PM/W wave at T_(α⊥)/T_(α‖)<1 and for the PA/IC,OM/W and mirror waves at T_(α⊥)/T_(α‖)>1.On account of the influences of the anisotropic proton and alpha,these alpha beam instabilities can effectively constrain the alpha-beam drift velocity to less than or equal to the local Alfven velocity.These results may shed light on the evolution and deceleration mechanism of alpha particles in the solar wind.

A variety of markers combined use of clinical significance for diagnosis of prostate cancer

Objective:To explore the combined application of multiple markers for diagnosis of prostate cancer.Methods:To choose the hospital in September, 2015 to September 2012, initially determined both by serum PSA test for prostate cancer patients 117 cases, for patients with confirmed will be divided into three groups (39 cases further examination, compared with the pathological diagnosis of three groups of patients with prostate cancer diagnosis accuracy. Results: The detection rate in group A patients compared with the pathological diagnosis coincidence rate was 77.2%, B group was 90.3%, and 98.2% of group C, A, B two groups were lower in group C, group A and group B was higher than that that P504s inspection diagnosis rate is higher than about, CK34 beta E12 at 11:45, joint detection and diagnosis rate is highest. Three groups of patients were compared with difference had statistical significance . A group of 13 cases of benign specimen, 10 cases were negative, false positive in 3, coincidence rate was 76.9%, B group of 12 cases of benign specimens, the negative in 11 cases, false positives in 1 case, the coincidence rate is 91.7%, group C of 11 cases of benign specimens, negative in 11 cases, false positive 0 cases, coincidence rate was 100%. Combined detection of false positive diagnosis rate was lower than that in group A, B two patients, three groups of patients were compared with difference had statistical significance. Group A in 26 cases of prostate cancer, positive 22 cases, 4 cases were missed diagnosis coincidence rate was 84.6%. Group B in 27 cases of prostate cancer, positive 25 cases, 2 cases of misdiagnosis, the coincidence rate is 92.6%, group C in 27 cases of prostate cancer, 26 patients, positive, 1 case of misdiagnosis, the coincidence rate was 96.3%. Three groups of patients were compared with difference had statistical significance.Conclusion: Combination of P504s (AMACR), basal cell specific markers (about and CK34 beta E12 at 11:45) detection diagnosis can improve the early diagnostic rate of prostate cancer, have important significance on clinical.

A novel phenotypic assay of hepatitis B virus polymerase with extensive site-specific mutagenesis

Dear Editor,A common reason for drug failure during long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis B with nucleot(s)ide analogues(NUCs)is the emergence of drug resistance(Das et al.,2001).Most primary NUCs-resistant mutations identified in clinical samples have been limited to a minority of amino acids(usually less