Double-edge Role of B Cells in Tumor Immunity:Potential Molecular Mechanism

B cells are a heterogeneous population,which have distinct functions of antigen presentation,activating T cells,and secreting antibodies,cytokines as well as protease.It is supposed that the balance among these B cells subpopulation(resting B cells,activated B cells,Bregs,and other differentiated B cells)will determine the ultimate role of B cells in tumor immunity.There has been increasing evidence supporting opposite roles of B cells in tumor immunity,though there are no general acceptable phenotypes for them.Recent years,a new designated subset of B cells identified as Bregs has emerged from immunosuppressive and/or regulatory functions in tumor immune responses.Therefore,transferring activated B cells would be possible to become a promising strategy against tumor via conquering the immunosuppressive status of B cells in future.Understanding the potential mechanism of double-edge role of B cells will help researchers utilize activated B cells to improve their anti-tumor response.Moreover,the molecular pathways related to B cell differentiation are involved in its tumor-promoting effect,such as NF-κB,STAT3,BTK.So,we review the molecular and signaling pathway mechanisms of B cells involved in both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive immunity,in order to help researchers optimize B cells to fight cancer better.

Fibrin glue-assisted for the treatment of corneal perforations using glycerin-cryopreserved corneal tissue

AIM: To evaluate the outcomes and safety of lamellar keratoplasty(LK) assisted by fibrin glue in corneal perforations. ·METHODS: Six eyes of 6 patients affected by different corneal pathologies(2 posttraumatic corneal scar and 3 bacterial keratitis) underwent LK procedures by using fibrin glue. The mean corneal perforation diameter was 1.35 ±0.64mm(range,0.7-2.5mm),and the greatest diameter of the ulcerative stromal defect was 2.47 ± 0.77mm in average(range,1.5-3.5mm). The donor corneal lamella diameters were 0.20-mm larger and thicker than the recipient to restore a physiologic corneal thickness and shape: mean donor diameter was 8.34 ± 0.28mm(range,8.2-8.7mm) and mean thickness was 352±40.27mm(range,220-400mm). Mean follow-up was 7.33±1.97 months(range,6-11 months). Postoperatively,the graft status,graft clarity,anterior chamber response,the visual prognosis,intraocular pressures,and postoperative complications were recorded. ·RESULTS:Allthecornealperforationsweresuccessfully healed after the procedure. The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) ranged from 20/1 000 to 20/50 in their initial presentation,and from 20/100 to 20/20 in their last visit,showed increase in all the patients. No major complications such as graft dislocation and graft failure were noted. Neovascularization developed in the superficial stroma of donor graft in 1 case. High intraocular pressure developed on day 2 after surgery,while was remained in normal range after application of anti-glaucomatous eyedrops for 1 week in 1 case. ·CONCLUSION: Fibrin glue-assisted sutureless LK is valuable for maintaining the ocular integrity in the treatment of corneal perforations.