Microplastics are a globally emerging contaminant in the environment,but little is known about the potential risks of microplastics to human health.Possible exposure routes of microplastics to humans include ingestion...Microplastics are a globally emerging contaminant in the environment,but little is known about the potential risks of microplastics to human health.Possible exposure routes of microplastics to humans include ingestion,inhalation,and dermal penetration,with the last of these needing equal attention as the other two main routes.Evidence showed the presence of microplastics in human-derived biological samples(i.e.,excrement,biofluids,and tissues).Most of the toxicological studies of microplastics on humans were based on laboratory rodents and human-derived cells.Energy homeostasis,intestinal microflora,and the reproductive,immune,and nervous systems were regarded as targets of microplastics.The toxicity of microplastics on microstructures including lysosomes,mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,and the nucleus further revealed the potential risks of microplastics on human health at the cellular levels.As a carrier,microplastics also had the potential to magnify the toxicity of other contaminants in the environment(e.g.,plasticizer,metals,antibiotics,and microorganisms).Studies of microplastics at environmentally realistic conditions are still in their infancy with many unsolved questions to predict their risks on human health.展开更多
Engineered nanomaterials(NMs)are increasingly fabricated in various fields involv-ing consumer goods,waste management,and biomedical applications such as drug delivery,diagnosis,and treatment of pathological condition...Engineered nanomaterials(NMs)are increasingly fabricated in various fields involv-ing consumer goods,waste management,and biomedical applications such as drug delivery,diagnosis,and treatment of pathological conditions.While these NMs are intentionally or unexpectedly in contact with the human body,there are growing concerns about their intracellular journey,especially considering the therapeu-tic or deleterious effects after they cross the cell membrane.In this review,the cellular journey of NMs including internalization,intracellular trafficking,and depo-sition/exocytosis is systematically discussed.This work highlights the accumulation of NMs in cells not only depends on the moment of NMs crossing the cell membrane but also at the following trafficking and exocytosis process.A deeper understanding of the cellular journey of NMs implies that an alternative strategy to fabricate spe-cific targeting NMs is to bypass a few pathways of intracellular trafficking to achieve potent therapeutic effects with minimal toxicity.After comprehensively reviewing the cellular journey of NMs,current progress and application scenarios of kinetic models are discussed.Finally,this review focuses on the bottleneck problems and the corresponding solution technologies for studying the cellular journey of NMs.Recent progresses on the cellular journey of NMs provide new insights into the fab-rication of biomedical NMs and facilitate technology development for probing the nano-cell interaction with high temporal-spatial resolution.展开更多
Electron-deficient N-heteroaromatic polymers are crucial for the high-tech applications of organicmaterials,especially in the electronic and optoelectronic fields.Thus,the development of new polymerizations to afford ...Electron-deficient N-heteroaromatic polymers are crucial for the high-tech applications of organicmaterials,especially in the electronic and optoelectronic fields.Thus,the development of new polymerizations to afford adaptable electron-donating-accepting scaffolds in N-heteroaromatic polymers is in high demand.Herein,we have developed metal-free multicomponent polymerizations of diynes,diamines,and glyoxylates successfully for in situ generation of poly(quinoline)s with high molecular weights(Mw up to 16,900)in nearly quantitative yields.By tuning the electron distributions of the polymer backbones,the resulting poly(quinoline)s showed various aggregation-induced behaviors and photoresponsive abilities:The thin films of the poly(quinoline)s could be fabricated readily intowell-resolved photopatterns by photolithography techniques.They could be utilized as fluorescent probes to visualize themorphologies of polymer materials directly;these include spherulites and microphase separation of polymer blends.Their nanoparticles demonstrated sensitive and highly selective fluorescence quenching to hexavalent chromium ion Cr(Ⅵ),thereby providing access for biological imaging of Cr(Ⅵ)in unicellular algae.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(22076159)Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission(JCYJ20210324134000001)the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(CityU 1102321).
文摘Microplastics are a globally emerging contaminant in the environment,but little is known about the potential risks of microplastics to human health.Possible exposure routes of microplastics to humans include ingestion,inhalation,and dermal penetration,with the last of these needing equal attention as the other two main routes.Evidence showed the presence of microplastics in human-derived biological samples(i.e.,excrement,biofluids,and tissues).Most of the toxicological studies of microplastics on humans were based on laboratory rodents and human-derived cells.Energy homeostasis,intestinal microflora,and the reproductive,immune,and nervous systems were regarded as targets of microplastics.The toxicity of microplastics on microstructures including lysosomes,mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,and the nucleus further revealed the potential risks of microplastics on human health at the cellular levels.As a carrier,microplastics also had the potential to magnify the toxicity of other contaminants in the environment(e.g.,plasticizer,metals,antibiotics,and microorganisms).Studies of microplastics at environmentally realistic conditions are still in their infancy with many unsolved questions to predict their risks on human health.
基金Hong Kong Research Grants Council,Grant/Award Numbers:11102321,C6014-20 WShenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission,Grant/Award Number:JCYJ20210324134000001。
文摘Engineered nanomaterials(NMs)are increasingly fabricated in various fields involv-ing consumer goods,waste management,and biomedical applications such as drug delivery,diagnosis,and treatment of pathological conditions.While these NMs are intentionally or unexpectedly in contact with the human body,there are growing concerns about their intracellular journey,especially considering the therapeu-tic or deleterious effects after they cross the cell membrane.In this review,the cellular journey of NMs including internalization,intracellular trafficking,and depo-sition/exocytosis is systematically discussed.This work highlights the accumulation of NMs in cells not only depends on the moment of NMs crossing the cell membrane but also at the following trafficking and exocytosis process.A deeper understanding of the cellular journey of NMs implies that an alternative strategy to fabricate spe-cific targeting NMs is to bypass a few pathways of intracellular trafficking to achieve potent therapeutic effects with minimal toxicity.After comprehensively reviewing the cellular journey of NMs,current progress and application scenarios of kinetic models are discussed.Finally,this review focuses on the bottleneck problems and the corresponding solution technologies for studying the cellular journey of NMs.Recent progresses on the cellular journey of NMs provide new insights into the fab-rication of biomedical NMs and facilitate technology development for probing the nano-cell interaction with high temporal-spatial resolution.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.21788102,21490570,and 21490574)the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong(nos.16305618,16304819,N-HKUST609/19,C6009-17G,16102918,T21-604/19-R,and C6009-17G)+2 种基金the Innovation and Technology Commission(no.ITCCNERC14SC01)the Science and Technology Plan of Shenzhen(nos.JCYJ20160229205601482,JCYJ20170818113602462,JCYJ20180306180231853,and JCYJ 20180306174910791)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(nos.2019B121205002 and 2019B030301003).
文摘Electron-deficient N-heteroaromatic polymers are crucial for the high-tech applications of organicmaterials,especially in the electronic and optoelectronic fields.Thus,the development of new polymerizations to afford adaptable electron-donating-accepting scaffolds in N-heteroaromatic polymers is in high demand.Herein,we have developed metal-free multicomponent polymerizations of diynes,diamines,and glyoxylates successfully for in situ generation of poly(quinoline)s with high molecular weights(Mw up to 16,900)in nearly quantitative yields.By tuning the electron distributions of the polymer backbones,the resulting poly(quinoline)s showed various aggregation-induced behaviors and photoresponsive abilities:The thin films of the poly(quinoline)s could be fabricated readily intowell-resolved photopatterns by photolithography techniques.They could be utilized as fluorescent probes to visualize themorphologies of polymer materials directly;these include spherulites and microphase separation of polymer blends.Their nanoparticles demonstrated sensitive and highly selective fluorescence quenching to hexavalent chromium ion Cr(Ⅵ),thereby providing access for biological imaging of Cr(Ⅵ)in unicellular algae.
