Strategies for optimizing the thermoelectricity of PbTe alloys

The thermoelectric materials have been considered as a potential candidate for the new power generation technology based on their reversible heat and electricity conversion.Lead telluride（Pb Te） is regarded as an excellent mid-temperature thermoelectric material due to its suitable intrinsic thermoelectric properties.So tremendous efforts have been done to improve the thermoelectric performance of Pb Te,and figures of merit,zT 〉 2.0,have been reported.Main strategies for optimizing the thermoelectric performance have been focused as the main line of this review.The band engineering and phonon scattering engineering as two main effective strategies are systemically summarized here.The band engineering,like band convergence,resonant levels,and band flatting have been addressed in improving the power factor.Additionally,phonon scattering engineerings,such as atomic-scale,nano-scale,meso-scale,and multi-scale phonon scatterings have been applied to reduce the thermal conductivity.Besides,some successful synergistic effects based on band engineerings and phonon scatterings are illustrated as a simultaneous way to optimize both the power factor and thermal conductivity.Summarizing the above three main parts,we point out that the synergistic effects should be effectively exploited,and these may further boost the thermoelectric performance of Pb Te alloys and can be extended to other thermoelectric materials.

Election Procedure for Rural Two Committees

In order to further strengthen the construction and improvement of villager autonomy system with democratic election,democratic decision making,democratic management,and democratic supervision of rural two committees with Chinese characteristics,experience of work team of Longyang District Agricultural Technology Extension Station dispatched to villager committees( or offices) and their guidance on election of rural two committees in 2007-2016 were used,and exploration was made for election of rural two committees from the third to the sixth committees. It summarized achievements and main problems in election of rural two committees and came up with pertinent recommendations.The results of this study are expected to provide certain reference for theory and practice of future villager autonomy.

Microstructure and thermoelectric properties of nanoparticled copper selenide alloys synthesized using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method

With the fabrication of high-performance thermoelectric(TE)materials,developments are being made in enhanc-ing the figure of merit,zT,of TE materials.Liquid-like binary copper selenide(Cu_(2) Se)chalcogenides recently gained significant recognition because of their anomalous but fascinating electrical and thermal transport perfor-mances.In this study,a facile synthesis technique was adopted in fabricating Cu_(2) Se nanoparticles using a rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal route at different reaction times.The results were compared with those of the Cu_(2) Se solid-state(SS)sample synthesized using the traditional melting and annealing technique.X-ray diffrac-tion patterns revealed successful synthesis of nanoparticles and a phase transition from orthorhombic𝛼-phase and cubic𝛽-phase to a single orthorhombic structure after hot-pressing.Scanning electron microscopic images revealed that although the grain sizes of the nanoparticle(NP)bulk samples increased with the reaction time of the microwave hydrothermal process,the grain sizes were significantly smaller than that of the SS sample.Additionally,NP bulk samples exhibited plenty of nano-grains and pores that are absent in the SS sample.The size and distribution of the grains and pores were measured to study their effects on the transport of carriers and phonons.The NP30 sample exhibited the highest power factor of 983.3μW K−2 m at 673 K among the NP samples,exhibiting intermediate values of resistivity and Seebeck coefficient that are close to those of the SS sample.Moreover,the NP samples exhibited appreciably lower thermal conductivity than the SS sample that is attributed to strengthened phonon scattering.The minimum thermal conductivity of the NP05 sample,0.78 WK−1 m−1 at 348 K,is 1.7 times lower than that of the SS sample.Finally,a maximum zT of 0.56 at 673 K,being approximately 1.3 times higher than that of the SS sample owing to the optimized thermal conductivity,was achieved for the NP30 sample.This value is comparable to or higher than that reported for Cu_(2) Se synthesized using the traditional SS method.Investigations revealed that the proposed microwave hydrothermal synthesis technique is a facile,rapid,and reliable method that results in Cu_(2) Se alloys with excellent TE performance.