Photosynthesis is the basis of plant growth and development as well as the existence of the biological world. Photosynthesis is of great theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, the effects of temperatur...Photosynthesis is the basis of plant growth and development as well as the existence of the biological world. Photosynthesis is of great theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, the effects of temperature, drought, salt, light and other abiotic stress factors on plant photosynthesis were reviewed.展开更多
Environmental surveillance (ES) is a useful approach for monitoring circulating viruses, including polioviruses (PVs) and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs). In this study, the results of nine years of ES from 2013 to 20...Environmental surveillance (ES) is a useful approach for monitoring circulating viruses, including polioviruses (PVs) and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs). In this study, the results of nine years of ES from 2013 to 2021 at six sampling sites in three cities in Fujian Province, China, were summarized. It showed that the sewage samples contained abundant viruses, but the positive rate was affected by different sampling sites. From the 520 samples, 431 PVs, 1,713 NPEVs, and 281 human adenoviruses (HAdVs) were isolated. PV isolates had been markedly affected following the adjustment of the immunization strategy. All but one PV isolate were Sabin-like strains without wild PVs. One isolate was vaccine-derived PV type 3 with 10 variation points in theVP1 region. After May 2016, PV type 2 was no longer detected, and PV type 3 became a superior serotype. Of 1,713 NPEVs, 24 serotypes were identified, including echovirus11 (E11), E6, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), CVB5, E7, and E3 were the predominant serotypes (37.65%, 20.96%, 11.50%, 8.87%, 8.23%, and 7.06%, respectively). The temporal dynamic of the six common serotypes was inconsistent. E3 was frequently isolated, but the number of isolates was low, with no obvious peaks. E6, E7, and CVB3 exhibited periodic changes with a high peak every three to four years, and E11 only had one high peak lasting four years. Summer-fall peaks of the echoviruses and spring-winter peaks of CVB were observed in the monthly distribution of virus isolation. The infectious isolates of various serotypes of different species identified from the sewage samples showed that ES is an essential part of pathogen surveillance.展开更多
Introduction:The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has generated 2,431 variants over the course of its global transmission over the past 3 years.To better evaluate the genomic variation of SAR...Introduction:The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has generated 2,431 variants over the course of its global transmission over the past 3 years.To better evaluate the genomic variation of SARS-CoV-2 before and after the optimization of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)prevention and control strategies,we analyzed the genetic evolution branch composition and genomic variation of SARS-CoV-2 in both domestic and imported cases in China(the data from Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan,China were not included)from September 26,2022 to January 29,2023.Methods:Analysis of the number of genome sequences,sampling time,dynamic changes of evolutionary branches,origin,and clinical typing of SARS-CoV-2 variants submitted by 31 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(XPCC)was conducted to assess the accuracy and timeliness of SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance.Results:From September 26,2022 to January 29,2023,20,013 valid genome sequences of domestic cases were reported in China,with 72 evolutionary branches.Additionally,1,978 valid genome sequences of imported cases were reported,with 169 evolutionary branches.The prevalence of the Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 in both domestic and imported cases was consistent with that of international epidemic variants.Conclusions:This study provides an overview of the prevalence of Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 in China.After optimizing COVID-19 prevention and control strategies,no novel Omicron variants of SARSCoV-2 with altered biological characteristics or public health significance have been identified since December 1,2022.展开更多
RNA interference(RNAi)has emerged as a powerful technology for pest management.Previously,we have shown that plastid-mediated RNAi(PM-RNAi)can be utilized to control the Colorado potato beetle,an insect pest in the Ch...RNA interference(RNAi)has emerged as a powerful technology for pest management.Previously,we have shown that plastid-mediated RNAi(PM-RNAi)can be utilized to control the Colorado potato beetle,an insect pest in the Chrysomelidae family;however,whether this technology is suitable for controlling pests in the Coccinellidae remained unknown.The coccinellid 28-spotted potato ladybird(Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata;HV)is a serious pest of solanaceous crops.In this study,we identified three efficient target genes(β-Actin,SRP54,and SNAP)for RNAi using in vitro double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs)fed to HV,and found that dsRNAs targetingβ-Actin messenger RNA(dsACT)induced more potent RNAi than those targeting the other two genes.We next generated transplastomic and nuclear transgenic potato(Solanum tuberosum)plants expressing HV dsACT.Long dsACT stably accumulated to up to 0.7%of the total cellular RNA in the transplastomic plants,at least three orders of magnitude higher than in the nuclear transgenic plants.Notably,the transplastomic plants also exhibited a significantly stronger resistance to HV,killing all larvae within 6 d.Our data demonstrate the potential of PM-RNAi as an efficient pest control measure for HV,extending the application range of this technology to Coccinellidae pests.展开更多
A pigeon robot is an ideal experimental animal for research in flying animal robots.The majority of current research publications have entailed electrical stimulation of the motor nuclei to regulate movement forcibly,...A pigeon robot is an ideal experimental animal for research in flying animal robots.The majority of current research publications have entailed electrical stimulation of the motor nuclei to regulate movement forcibly,and although a“virtual fear”behavior model has been proposed,the structure,location,and function of the nuclei that generate fear emotions remain obscure.Previous studies have shown that the Stratum Griseum Periventriculare(SGP)of pigeons is homologous to the mammalian periaqueductal gray(PAG),which plays an essential role in mammalian fear.To reveal the role of fear mediated by the SGP in behavioral regulation,we evaluated the structure and location of the SGP by histologic identification combined with magnetic resonance imaging,and analyzed the behavior of the SGP by electrical stimulation.Finally,the function of the SGP was verified with escape testing and homing experiments in an open field.Our results showed that the SGP is located in the pigeon midbrain and divided into two subregions,the dorsal part of the stratum griseum periventriculare(SGPd)and the ventral part of the stratum griseum periventriculare(SGPv)(the ranges were AP1.5–4.75 mm,ML1.75–6.75 mm,and DV2.2–7.1 mm),and that wired and wireless electrical stimulation freezing was the dominant behavior.In the escape test,SGP electrical stimulation caused the pigeons to flee to a safe place,while in the open-field homing test,electrical stimulation of the SGP induced evasive behavior in pigeons away from their original homing route.These results confirm that the SGP plays a crucial role in fear,and that electrical stimulation of this nucleus induces corresponding fear behaviors.展开更多
This study aimed to compare the sensitivity of two-phase separation and the filtration method using a mixed cellulose ester(MCE)membrane to detect enteroviruses in sewage samples.From December 2015 to July 2016,four d...This study aimed to compare the sensitivity of two-phase separation and the filtration method using a mixed cellulose ester(MCE)membrane to detect enteroviruses in sewage samples.From December 2015 to July 2016,four domestic sewage samples(1 L/sample)were collected monthly from the Guangzhou Liede Sewage Treatment Plant,and each sewage sample was divided into two aliquots(500 mL).The sewage sample was concentrated using the two-phase separation and the filtration method using an MCE membrane,and the treated solutions were inoculated into cells for enterovirus isolation.Polymerase chain reaction amplification,VP1 sequencing,and enterovirus molecular typing were performed on the positive isolates.The detection rates of poliovirus(PV)and non-polio enterovirus(NPEV)obtained using the filtration method using an MCE membrane were higher than those using the two-phase separation method.McNemar's test showed that the detection rates of PV,NPEV,type 1 Sabin-like(SL1),type 2 Sabin-like(SL2),and type 3 Sabin-like(SL3)strain were not statistically significant(P>0.05).In Guangdong Province,China,the detection rates for PV and NPEV were 53.13%and 62.50%(20/32),respectively.Twenty-seven PVs were isolated,three highly variable strains of the type 1 vaccine,with seven nucleotide substitutions in the VP1 region,compared with the type 1 Sabin strains.Eighty-seven strains of NPEV were isolated and nine serotypes were identified,among which coxsackievirus B3(CVB3),echovirus 6(E6),and echovirus 11(E11)were the dominant strains.The filtration method using an MCE membrane is more sensitive than two-phase separation and can be used as a robust,sensitive,and cost-effective method to isolate enteroviruses from sewage.展开更多
Echovirus 18(E18), a serotype of Enterovirus B(EV-B) species, is an important pathogen in aseptic meningitis. E18 had rarely been detected in China's Mainland, but became the predominant pathogen associated with v...Echovirus 18(E18), a serotype of Enterovirus B(EV-B) species, is an important pathogen in aseptic meningitis. E18 had rarely been detected in China's Mainland, but became the predominant pathogen associated with viral encephalitis(VE) and meningitis in Hebei province for the first time in 2015. To investigate the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of E18 in China's Mainland, sixteen E18 strains from patient throat swabs with hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) in six provinces in China collected between 2015 and 2016, and four E18 strains isolated from 18 patient cerebrospinal fluid specimens with VE in Hebei Province in 2015 were obtained and sequenced. Combined with the sequences from the GenBank database, we performed an extensive genetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 gene sequences revealed that all E18 strains from China's Mainland after 2015 belonged to subgenotype C2. There were no obvious specific differences in phylogenetic and variation analyses of E18 genome sequences between HFMD and VE/meningitis strains. Potential multiple recombination may have occurred in the 50-untranslated region and in the P2 and P3 nonstructural protein-encoding regions of E18 strains from China. The current E18 strains were potential multiplerecombinant viruses. Overall, these findings supported that E18 caused HFMD, VE, and meningitis, although there were no significant associations between clinical features and viral genomic characteristics.展开更多
For the past several decades, the infectious disease profile in China has been shifting with rapid developments in social and economic aspects, environment, quality of food, water, housing, and public health infrastru...For the past several decades, the infectious disease profile in China has been shifting with rapid developments in social and economic aspects, environment, quality of food, water, housing, and public health infrastructure. Notably, 5 notifiable infectious diseases have been almost eradicated, and the incidence of 18 additional notifiable infectious diseases has been significantly reduced. Unexpectedly, the incidence of over 10 notifiable infectious diseases, including HIV, brucellosis, syphilis, and dengue fever, has been increasing. Nevertheless, frequent infectious disease outbreaks/events have been reported almost every year, and imported infectious diseases have increased since 2015. New pathogens and over 100 new genotypes or serotypes of known pathogens have been identified. Some infectious diseases seem to be exacerbated by various factors, including rapid urbanization, large numbers of migrant workers, changes in climate, ecology, and policies, such as returning farmland to forests. This review summarizes the current experiences and lessons from China in managing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially the effects of ecology, climate, and behavior, which should have merits in helping other countries to control and prevent infectious diseases.展开更多
Emerging and re-emerging pathogens are great challenges to the public health(1).A cluster of pneumonia cases with an unknown cause occurred in Wuhan starting on December 21,2019.As of January 20,2020,a total of 201 ca...Emerging and re-emerging pathogens are great challenges to the public health(1).A cluster of pneumonia cases with an unknown cause occurred in Wuhan starting on December 21,2019.As of January 20,2020,a total of 201 cases of pneumonia in China have been confirmed.A team of professionals from the National Health Commission and China CDC conducted epidemiological and etiological investigations.On January 3,2020,the first complete genome of the novelβgenus coronaviruses(2019-nCoVs)was identified in samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)from a patient from Wuhan by scientists of the National Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention(IVDC)through a combination of Sanger sequencing,Illumina sequencing,and nanopore sequencing.Three distinct strains have been identified,the virus has been designated as 2019-nCoV,and the disease has been subsequently named novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia(NCIP).展开更多
Hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)was reported in May 2,2008 to be the 38th legally notifiable disease in China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting and Surveillance System.In order to solve the infection,an ext...Hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)was reported in May 2,2008 to be the 38th legally notifiable disease in China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting and Surveillance System.In order to solve the infection,an extensive three-level HFMD surveillance laboratory network was established.In this study,the framework of that network is assessed and the incidence of HFMD in China from 2008 to 2017 is reported using a descriptive epidemiologic method.During these 10 years,a series of techniques have been widely applied in all the network laboratories.Using information and material obtained from the network,a virus bank and database containing 18,238 viruses were established.Nationally,18,184,834 HFMD cases,including 152,436 severe cases and 3633 fatal cases,were reported in mainland of China.The average annual incidence in the population was 133.99/100,000 people,with a maximum incidence of 205.06/100,000 people in 2014.The incidence and mortality rates of HFMD were the highest in children aged 1–2 years.The numbers of reported cases fluctuated,with a high incidence observed every 2 years.An overall increase in the number of reported cases was also observed throughout the study period.Despite this,the incidence of severe cases and the mortality rate have been decreasing.High-risk regions are located in southern,eastern,and central China.Two peaks of HFMD infection cases were observed annually except for Northeast China.Different proportions of enterovirus serotypes were observed during the studied years.The predominant enterovirus varies from year to year,but the disease severity is always closely related to the specific serotype.EV-A71 is the dominant serotype associated with severe and fatal cases,with constituent ratios of 70.03%and 92.23%,respectively.The studied highly sensitive and efficient surveillance network provides information that is critical for prevention and control of the disease.It is extremely necessary and important to continuously conduct extensive virological surveillance for HFMD.展开更多
Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV),and historically,all outbreaks have been linked to Africa;however,monkeypox has been posing an alarming challenge to the world in 2022(1)as app...Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV),and historically,all outbreaks have been linked to Africa;however,monkeypox has been posing an alarming challenge to the world in 2022(1)as approximately 60,000 cases have been reported in more than 100 nations and regions worldwide(2).Currently,many cases of monkeypox were identified in many nonendemic countries outside of Central and West Africa,and human-to-human transmission has occurred frequently,especially among men who have sex with men(MSM)presenting new clinical symptoms similar to syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections(3).展开更多
Animal robots have outstanding advantages over traditional robots in their own energy supplies,orientation,and natural concealment,delivering significant value in the theories and applications of neural science,nation...Animal robots have outstanding advantages over traditional robots in their own energy supplies,orientation,and natural concealment,delivering significant value in the theories and applications of neural science,national security,and other fields.Presently,many animal robots have been fabricated,but researches about the applications of avian robots are still lacking.In this study,we constructed a Pigeon Robot System(PRS),optimized the electric stimulation parameters,assessed the electric stimulus of navigation,and evaluated the navigation efficiency in the field.Biphasic pulse constant current pattern was adapted,and the optimal stimulus parameters of 4 nuclei tested were of amplitude 0.3 mA,5 pulse trains,frequency 25 Hz,5 pulses,and a 25%duty cycle.Effective ratio of left and right steering behavior response to electric stimulus dorsointermedius ventralis anterior nuclei was 67%and 83%,respectively(mean value 75%).Electrical stimulation efficiency was 0.34-0.68 and path efficiency was 0.72-0.85 among pigeon robot individuals in the open field.Neither electrical stimulation efficiency nor path efficiency differed significantly(P>0.05),suggesting that the navigational PRS performance was not biased in either direction.PRS can achieve continuous navigation along simple pathways and provide the necessary application infrastructure and technical reference for the development of animal robot navigation technology.展开更多
Summary What is known about this topic?Few major outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)have occurred in China after major nonpharmaceutical interventions and vaccines have been deployed and implemented.Howeve...Summary What is known about this topic?Few major outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)have occurred in China after major nonpharmaceutical interventions and vaccines have been deployed and implemented.However,sporadic outbreaks that had high possibility to be linked to cold chain products were reported in several cities of China..What is added by this report?In July 2020,a COVID-19 outbreak occurred in Dalian,China.The investigations of this outbreak strongly suggested that the infection source was from COVID-19 virus-contaminated packaging of frozen seafood during inbound unloading personnel contact.What are the implications for public health practice?Virus contaminated paper surfaces could maintain infectivity for at least 17–24 days at-25℃.Exposure to COVID-19 virus-contaminated surfaces is a potential route for introducing the virus to a susceptible population.Countries with no domestic transmission of COVID-19 should consider introducing prevention strategies for both inbound travellers and imported goods.Several measures to prevent the introduction of the virus via cold-chain goods can be implemented.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-...Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-contaminated products.Though several outbreaks have been traced to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)isolated on the outer packaging of cold chain products,live virus has not been obtained.展开更多
Starting from December 2019,Wuhan,China,encountered the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)(1-2).The epidemic was successfully suppressed by strict containment so that the number of infected people wa...Starting from December 2019,Wuhan,China,encountered the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)(1-2).The epidemic was successfully suppressed by strict containment so that the number of infected people was reduced to 0 on April 8,2020(3–4).After that,China experienced roughly 3 dozen outbreaks with local transmission caused by imported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).展开更多
On December 9,2021,2 international passengers arrived in Tianjin Binhai International Airport from Warsaw,Poland via airplane and tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which c...On December 9,2021,2 international passengers arrived in Tianjin Binhai International Airport from Warsaw,Poland via airplane and tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which causes coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),using nucleic acid tests.The first case(Patient A)was a flight crew member,a 35-year-old male,who had returned to Warsaw on the same flight on December 10,2021.The second case(Patient B)was a 17-year-old female student,who has been transferred to Haihe Hospital for isolation.Both cases are Polish nationality that had recently lived in Warsaw,Poland.According to the investigation,neither patient had disease symptoms nor medication history.Patient B received the Pfizer/BNT162b2 vaccine on September 27,2021.Patient A was vaccinated on May 25,2021,but no further vaccine information was collected as Patient A had left China.No other infections from this flight have been detected.展开更多
On April 27,2022,an international flight KL857 from Amsterdam,the Netherlands arrived at Pudong International Airport,Shanghai Municipality.Passengers were transferred to the quarantine hotel for a routine 14-day medi...On April 27,2022,an international flight KL857 from Amsterdam,the Netherlands arrived at Pudong International Airport,Shanghai Municipality.Passengers were transferred to the quarantine hotel for a routine 14-day medical observation in Songjiang District and regularly tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).One of the passengers(a 37-year-old Chinese male)was reported positive and diagnosed as a mild case on April 29.The case set out from Uganda(flight KL535)on April 25 and transferred at Amsterdam,the Netherlands on April 26 and Seoul,the Republic of Korea(KL857)on April 27.The patient has been vaccinated in four doses against coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)(Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co.,Ltd)in China and Uganda.After diagnosis,he was transferred to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center for treatment.He recovered after treatment and was discharged on May 12.展开更多
From July 22-23,3 local COVID-19 cases were reported in Dalian City,Liaoning Province,China.All 3 patients reported that they did not leave Dalian 14 days before the onset of disease and had no COVID-19 case contact h...From July 22-23,3 local COVID-19 cases were reported in Dalian City,Liaoning Province,China.All 3 patients reported that they did not leave Dalian 14 days before the onset of disease and had no COVID-19 case contact history and no foreign personnel contact history.Epidemiological investigation,medical isolation,and nucleic acid detection was immediately carried out in Dalian,and 12 asymptomatic infections were detected in close contacts of Patient 1.Because asymptomatic infections made up a large proportion of total infections,the outbreak was likely observed in the beginning stages.展开更多
No new local coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases were reported in Beijing for over 56 days before the reemergent COVID-19 cases that were reported on June 11,2020,and more than 200 confirmed cases have been report...No new local coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases were reported in Beijing for over 56 days before the reemergent COVID-19 cases that were reported on June 11,2020,and more than 200 confirmed cases have been reported as of June 20 in Beijing.All confirmed COVID-19 cases were associated with Xinfadi Wholesale Market.Here,we reported the phylogenetic characteristics of the COVID-19 viruses(also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2,and human coronavirus 2019,HCoV-19)sequenced from the clinical specimens of 2 human cases and 1 environmental sample.展开更多
The novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)is spreading very fast in Hubei Province of China.As of February 14,2020,51,986 confirmed cases(including laboratory-confirmed cases and clinically-confirmed cases)were reported in Hube...The novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)is spreading very fast in Hubei Province of China.As of February 14,2020,51,986 confirmed cases(including laboratory-confirmed cases and clinically-confirmed cases)were reported in Hubei Province,and 1,318 of them died.Respiratory droplets and contact transmission are considered to be the most important routes of transmission of 2019-nCoV,but do not fully account for the occurrence of all coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases,previously known as novel coronavirus pneumonia(NCP),and the reasons for the rapid spread of this virus(1).展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Dalian City(2019J13SN120)Guiding Project of Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(20170540035)Undergraduate Innovation and Enterpreneurship Training Program of China(201911258016)
文摘Photosynthesis is the basis of plant growth and development as well as the existence of the biological world. Photosynthesis is of great theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, the effects of temperature, drought, salt, light and other abiotic stress factors on plant photosynthesis were reviewed.
基金funded by Fujian Health System Youth Backbone Talents training project(2013-ZQN-ZD-10)leading(key)project of social development in Fujian Province(2017Y0011)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2302003)。
文摘Environmental surveillance (ES) is a useful approach for monitoring circulating viruses, including polioviruses (PVs) and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs). In this study, the results of nine years of ES from 2013 to 2021 at six sampling sites in three cities in Fujian Province, China, were summarized. It showed that the sewage samples contained abundant viruses, but the positive rate was affected by different sampling sites. From the 520 samples, 431 PVs, 1,713 NPEVs, and 281 human adenoviruses (HAdVs) were isolated. PV isolates had been markedly affected following the adjustment of the immunization strategy. All but one PV isolate were Sabin-like strains without wild PVs. One isolate was vaccine-derived PV type 3 with 10 variation points in theVP1 region. After May 2016, PV type 2 was no longer detected, and PV type 3 became a superior serotype. Of 1,713 NPEVs, 24 serotypes were identified, including echovirus11 (E11), E6, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), CVB5, E7, and E3 were the predominant serotypes (37.65%, 20.96%, 11.50%, 8.87%, 8.23%, and 7.06%, respectively). The temporal dynamic of the six common serotypes was inconsistent. E3 was frequently isolated, but the number of isolates was low, with no obvious peaks. E6, E7, and CVB3 exhibited periodic changes with a high peak every three to four years, and E11 only had one high peak lasting four years. Summer-fall peaks of the echoviruses and spring-winter peaks of CVB were observed in the monthly distribution of virus isolation. The infectious isolates of various serotypes of different species identified from the sewage samples showed that ES is an essential part of pathogen surveillance.
文摘Introduction:The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has generated 2,431 variants over the course of its global transmission over the past 3 years.To better evaluate the genomic variation of SARS-CoV-2 before and after the optimization of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)prevention and control strategies,we analyzed the genetic evolution branch composition and genomic variation of SARS-CoV-2 in both domestic and imported cases in China(the data from Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan,China were not included)from September 26,2022 to January 29,2023.Methods:Analysis of the number of genome sequences,sampling time,dynamic changes of evolutionary branches,origin,and clinical typing of SARS-CoV-2 variants submitted by 31 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(XPCC)was conducted to assess the accuracy and timeliness of SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance.Results:From September 26,2022 to January 29,2023,20,013 valid genome sequences of domestic cases were reported in China,with 72 evolutionary branches.Additionally,1,978 valid genome sequences of imported cases were reported,with 169 evolutionary branches.The prevalence of the Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 in both domestic and imported cases was consistent with that of international epidemic variants.Conclusions:This study provides an overview of the prevalence of Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 in China.After optimizing COVID-19 prevention and control strategies,no novel Omicron variants of SARSCoV-2 with altered biological characteristics or public health significance have been identified since December 1,2022.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2020CFA012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271912)to J.Z。
文摘RNA interference(RNAi)has emerged as a powerful technology for pest management.Previously,we have shown that plastid-mediated RNAi(PM-RNAi)can be utilized to control the Colorado potato beetle,an insect pest in the Chrysomelidae family;however,whether this technology is suitable for controlling pests in the Coccinellidae remained unknown.The coccinellid 28-spotted potato ladybird(Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata;HV)is a serious pest of solanaceous crops.In this study,we identified three efficient target genes(β-Actin,SRP54,and SNAP)for RNAi using in vitro double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs)fed to HV,and found that dsRNAs targetingβ-Actin messenger RNA(dsACT)induced more potent RNAi than those targeting the other two genes.We next generated transplastomic and nuclear transgenic potato(Solanum tuberosum)plants expressing HV dsACT.Long dsACT stably accumulated to up to 0.7%of the total cellular RNA in the transplastomic plants,at least three orders of magnitude higher than in the nuclear transgenic plants.Notably,the transplastomic plants also exhibited a significantly stronger resistance to HV,killing all larvae within 6 d.Our data demonstrate the potential of PM-RNAi as an efficient pest control measure for HV,extending the application range of this technology to Coccinellidae pests.
文摘A pigeon robot is an ideal experimental animal for research in flying animal robots.The majority of current research publications have entailed electrical stimulation of the motor nuclei to regulate movement forcibly,and although a“virtual fear”behavior model has been proposed,the structure,location,and function of the nuclei that generate fear emotions remain obscure.Previous studies have shown that the Stratum Griseum Periventriculare(SGP)of pigeons is homologous to the mammalian periaqueductal gray(PAG),which plays an essential role in mammalian fear.To reveal the role of fear mediated by the SGP in behavioral regulation,we evaluated the structure and location of the SGP by histologic identification combined with magnetic resonance imaging,and analyzed the behavior of the SGP by electrical stimulation.Finally,the function of the SGP was verified with escape testing and homing experiments in an open field.Our results showed that the SGP is located in the pigeon midbrain and divided into two subregions,the dorsal part of the stratum griseum periventriculare(SGPd)and the ventral part of the stratum griseum periventriculare(SGPv)(the ranges were AP1.5–4.75 mm,ML1.75–6.75 mm,and DV2.2–7.1 mm),and that wired and wireless electrical stimulation freezing was the dominant behavior.In the escape test,SGP electrical stimulation caused the pigeons to flee to a safe place,while in the open-field homing test,electrical stimulation of the SGP induced evasive behavior in pigeons away from their original homing route.These results confirm that the SGP plays a crucial role in fear,and that electrical stimulation of this nucleus induces corresponding fear behaviors.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.2021YFC2302003)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(Project No.L192014).
文摘This study aimed to compare the sensitivity of two-phase separation and the filtration method using a mixed cellulose ester(MCE)membrane to detect enteroviruses in sewage samples.From December 2015 to July 2016,four domestic sewage samples(1 L/sample)were collected monthly from the Guangzhou Liede Sewage Treatment Plant,and each sewage sample was divided into two aliquots(500 mL).The sewage sample was concentrated using the two-phase separation and the filtration method using an MCE membrane,and the treated solutions were inoculated into cells for enterovirus isolation.Polymerase chain reaction amplification,VP1 sequencing,and enterovirus molecular typing were performed on the positive isolates.The detection rates of poliovirus(PV)and non-polio enterovirus(NPEV)obtained using the filtration method using an MCE membrane were higher than those using the two-phase separation method.McNemar's test showed that the detection rates of PV,NPEV,type 1 Sabin-like(SL1),type 2 Sabin-like(SL2),and type 3 Sabin-like(SL3)strain were not statistically significant(P>0.05).In Guangdong Province,China,the detection rates for PV and NPEV were 53.13%and 62.50%(20/32),respectively.Twenty-seven PVs were isolated,three highly variable strains of the type 1 vaccine,with seven nucleotide substitutions in the VP1 region,compared with the type 1 Sabin strains.Eighty-seven strains of NPEV were isolated and nine serotypes were identified,among which coxsackievirus B3(CVB3),echovirus 6(E6),and echovirus 11(E11)were the dominant strains.The filtration method using an MCE membrane is more sensitive than two-phase separation and can be used as a robust,sensitive,and cost-effective method to isolate enteroviruses from sewage.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. 2017ZX10104001-005-010 and 2017ZX10103004-004)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 7184208)+2 种基金Capital Clinical Feature Project of Beijing Technology Program (Grant No. Z151100004015046)Basic and Clinical Research Cooperation Project of Capital Medical University (Grant No. 17JL11)Research Training Fund of Capital Medical University (Grant No. PYZ2017012)
文摘Echovirus 18(E18), a serotype of Enterovirus B(EV-B) species, is an important pathogen in aseptic meningitis. E18 had rarely been detected in China's Mainland, but became the predominant pathogen associated with viral encephalitis(VE) and meningitis in Hebei province for the first time in 2015. To investigate the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of E18 in China's Mainland, sixteen E18 strains from patient throat swabs with hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) in six provinces in China collected between 2015 and 2016, and four E18 strains isolated from 18 patient cerebrospinal fluid specimens with VE in Hebei Province in 2015 were obtained and sequenced. Combined with the sequences from the GenBank database, we performed an extensive genetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 gene sequences revealed that all E18 strains from China's Mainland after 2015 belonged to subgenotype C2. There were no obvious specific differences in phylogenetic and variation analyses of E18 genome sequences between HFMD and VE/meningitis strains. Potential multiple recombination may have occurred in the 50-untranslated region and in the P2 and P3 nonstructural protein-encoding regions of E18 strains from China. The current E18 strains were potential multiplerecombinant viruses. Overall, these findings supported that E18 caused HFMD, VE, and meningitis, although there were no significant associations between clinical features and viral genomic characteristics.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. L1522033, 81290340, and 81290345) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC1201903). We thank the two anonymous reviewers for the improvement of this study. We also extend our gratitude to Dr. Hualiang Lin and Prof. Xinhe Lai for the revision and discussion.
文摘For the past several decades, the infectious disease profile in China has been shifting with rapid developments in social and economic aspects, environment, quality of food, water, housing, and public health infrastructure. Notably, 5 notifiable infectious diseases have been almost eradicated, and the incidence of 18 additional notifiable infectious diseases has been significantly reduced. Unexpectedly, the incidence of over 10 notifiable infectious diseases, including HIV, brucellosis, syphilis, and dengue fever, has been increasing. Nevertheless, frequent infectious disease outbreaks/events have been reported almost every year, and imported infectious diseases have increased since 2015. New pathogens and over 100 new genotypes or serotypes of known pathogens have been identified. Some infectious diseases seem to be exacerbated by various factors, including rapid urbanization, large numbers of migrant workers, changes in climate, ecology, and policies, such as returning farmland to forests. This review summarizes the current experiences and lessons from China in managing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially the effects of ecology, climate, and behavior, which should have merits in helping other countries to control and prevent infectious diseases.
文摘Emerging and re-emerging pathogens are great challenges to the public health(1).A cluster of pneumonia cases with an unknown cause occurred in Wuhan starting on December 21,2019.As of January 20,2020,a total of 201 cases of pneumonia in China have been confirmed.A team of professionals from the National Health Commission and China CDC conducted epidemiological and etiological investigations.On January 3,2020,the first complete genome of the novelβgenus coronaviruses(2019-nCoVs)was identified in samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)from a patient from Wuhan by scientists of the National Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention(IVDC)through a combination of Sanger sequencing,Illumina sequencing,and nanopore sequencing.Three distinct strains have been identified,the virus has been designated as 2019-nCoV,and the disease has been subsequently named novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia(NCIP).
基金supported by grants from the Key Technologies Research and Development Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology(grant numbers:2018ZX10713002,2017ZX10104001,and 2018ZX10713001-003).
文摘Hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)was reported in May 2,2008 to be the 38th legally notifiable disease in China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting and Surveillance System.In order to solve the infection,an extensive three-level HFMD surveillance laboratory network was established.In this study,the framework of that network is assessed and the incidence of HFMD in China from 2008 to 2017 is reported using a descriptive epidemiologic method.During these 10 years,a series of techniques have been widely applied in all the network laboratories.Using information and material obtained from the network,a virus bank and database containing 18,238 viruses were established.Nationally,18,184,834 HFMD cases,including 152,436 severe cases and 3633 fatal cases,were reported in mainland of China.The average annual incidence in the population was 133.99/100,000 people,with a maximum incidence of 205.06/100,000 people in 2014.The incidence and mortality rates of HFMD were the highest in children aged 1–2 years.The numbers of reported cases fluctuated,with a high incidence observed every 2 years.An overall increase in the number of reported cases was also observed throughout the study period.Despite this,the incidence of severe cases and the mortality rate have been decreasing.High-risk regions are located in southern,eastern,and central China.Two peaks of HFMD infection cases were observed annually except for Northeast China.Different proportions of enterovirus serotypes were observed during the studied years.The predominant enterovirus varies from year to year,but the disease severity is always closely related to the specific serotype.EV-A71 is the dominant serotype associated with severe and fatal cases,with constituent ratios of 70.03%and 92.23%,respectively.The studied highly sensitive and efficient surveillance network provides information that is critical for prevention and control of the disease.It is extremely necessary and important to continuously conduct extensive virological surveillance for HFMD.
文摘Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV),and historically,all outbreaks have been linked to Africa;however,monkeypox has been posing an alarming challenge to the world in 2022(1)as approximately 60,000 cases have been reported in more than 100 nations and regions worldwide(2).Currently,many cases of monkeypox were identified in many nonendemic countries outside of Central and West Africa,and human-to-human transmission has occurred frequently,especially among men who have sex with men(MSM)presenting new clinical symptoms similar to syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections(3).
基金funded by the Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology(grant no.HNBBL17004)The reviewers are thanked for their helpful advice.
文摘Animal robots have outstanding advantages over traditional robots in their own energy supplies,orientation,and natural concealment,delivering significant value in the theories and applications of neural science,national security,and other fields.Presently,many animal robots have been fabricated,but researches about the applications of avian robots are still lacking.In this study,we constructed a Pigeon Robot System(PRS),optimized the electric stimulation parameters,assessed the electric stimulus of navigation,and evaluated the navigation efficiency in the field.Biphasic pulse constant current pattern was adapted,and the optimal stimulus parameters of 4 nuclei tested were of amplitude 0.3 mA,5 pulse trains,frequency 25 Hz,5 pulses,and a 25%duty cycle.Effective ratio of left and right steering behavior response to electric stimulus dorsointermedius ventralis anterior nuclei was 67%and 83%,respectively(mean value 75%).Electrical stimulation efficiency was 0.34-0.68 and path efficiency was 0.72-0.85 among pigeon robot individuals in the open field.Neither electrical stimulation efficiency nor path efficiency differed significantly(P>0.05),suggesting that the navigational PRS performance was not biased in either direction.PRS can achieve continuous navigation along simple pathways and provide the necessary application infrastructure and technical reference for the development of animal robot navigation technology.
基金The National Key Research and Development Project,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2021YFC0863000,2018ZX10713002,and 2020YFC0846900),National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72042012,and No.82041032)and National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2017ZX10104001).
文摘Summary What is known about this topic?Few major outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)have occurred in China after major nonpharmaceutical interventions and vaccines have been deployed and implemented.However,sporadic outbreaks that had high possibility to be linked to cold chain products were reported in several cities of China..What is added by this report?In July 2020,a COVID-19 outbreak occurred in Dalian,China.The investigations of this outbreak strongly suggested that the infection source was from COVID-19 virus-contaminated packaging of frozen seafood during inbound unloading personnel contact.What are the implications for public health practice?Virus contaminated paper surfaces could maintain infectivity for at least 17–24 days at-25℃.Exposure to COVID-19 virus-contaminated surfaces is a potential route for introducing the virus to a susceptible population.Countries with no domestic transmission of COVID-19 should consider introducing prevention strategies for both inbound travellers and imported goods.Several measures to prevent the introduction of the virus via cold-chain goods can be implemented.
基金The SARS-CoV-2 emergency special project of the Chinese Government and National Key Research and Development Project(Project No.2021YFC0863000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72042012)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Project No.2017ZX10104001,2018ZX10713002,2018ZX10713001-003,and 2018ZX10711001).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-contaminated products.Though several outbreaks have been traced to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)isolated on the outer packaging of cold chain products,live virus has not been obtained.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(grant number 71934002)of the People’s Republic of China.
文摘Starting from December 2019,Wuhan,China,encountered the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)(1-2).The epidemic was successfully suppressed by strict containment so that the number of infected people was reduced to 0 on April 8,2020(3–4).After that,China experienced roughly 3 dozen outbreaks with local transmission caused by imported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).
文摘On December 9,2021,2 international passengers arrived in Tianjin Binhai International Airport from Warsaw,Poland via airplane and tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which causes coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),using nucleic acid tests.The first case(Patient A)was a flight crew member,a 35-year-old male,who had returned to Warsaw on the same flight on December 10,2021.The second case(Patient B)was a 17-year-old female student,who has been transferred to Haihe Hospital for isolation.Both cases are Polish nationality that had recently lived in Warsaw,Poland.According to the investigation,neither patient had disease symptoms nor medication history.Patient B received the Pfizer/BNT162b2 vaccine on September 27,2021.Patient A was vaccinated on May 25,2021,but no further vaccine information was collected as Patient A had left China.No other infections from this flight have been detected.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC0863300)Three-Year Initiative Plan for Strengthening Public Health System Construction in Shanghai(GWV-2).
文摘On April 27,2022,an international flight KL857 from Amsterdam,the Netherlands arrived at Pudong International Airport,Shanghai Municipality.Passengers were transferred to the quarantine hotel for a routine 14-day medical observation in Songjiang District and regularly tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).One of the passengers(a 37-year-old Chinese male)was reported positive and diagnosed as a mild case on April 29.The case set out from Uganda(flight KL535)on April 25 and transferred at Amsterdam,the Netherlands on April 26 and Seoul,the Republic of Korea(KL857)on April 27.The patient has been vaccinated in four doses against coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)(Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co.,Ltd)in China and Uganda.After diagnosis,he was transferred to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center for treatment.He recovered after treatment and was discharged on May 12.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Programs of China(Project No.2017ZX10104001,2018ZX 10102001,2018ZX10711001,2018ZX10713002).
文摘From July 22-23,3 local COVID-19 cases were reported in Dalian City,Liaoning Province,China.All 3 patients reported that they did not leave Dalian 14 days before the onset of disease and had no COVID-19 case contact history and no foreign personnel contact history.Epidemiological investigation,medical isolation,and nucleic acid detection was immediately carried out in Dalian,and 12 asymptomatic infections were detected in close contacts of Patient 1.Because asymptomatic infections made up a large proportion of total infections,the outbreak was likely observed in the beginning stages.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0500301,2020YFC0840900).
文摘No new local coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases were reported in Beijing for over 56 days before the reemergent COVID-19 cases that were reported on June 11,2020,and more than 200 confirmed cases have been reported as of June 20 in Beijing.All confirmed COVID-19 cases were associated with Xinfadi Wholesale Market.Here,we reported the phylogenetic characteristics of the COVID-19 viruses(also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2,and human coronavirus 2019,HCoV-19)sequenced from the clinical specimens of 2 human cases and 1 environmental sample.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Programs of China(Project Nos.2018ZX10713002 and 2017ZX10104001).
文摘The novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)is spreading very fast in Hubei Province of China.As of February 14,2020,51,986 confirmed cases(including laboratory-confirmed cases and clinically-confirmed cases)were reported in Hubei Province,and 1,318 of them died.Respiratory droplets and contact transmission are considered to be the most important routes of transmission of 2019-nCoV,but do not fully account for the occurrence of all coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases,previously known as novel coronavirus pneumonia(NCP),and the reasons for the rapid spread of this virus(1).