基于成丝效应的超快激光加工技术工业化应用研究之探析

激光成丝是超快激光在透明介质传输中的一种非线性光学现象,来源于光克尔效应引起的激光光束自聚焦与弱电离产生的等离子体散焦之间的动态平衡,对其超长传输物理特征非衍射性的调控在研发新一代超快激光材料加工技术上具有至关重要的作用。本文面向激光制造现代工程应用的发展需求,对基于光丝效应的激光高精加工研究现状进行了调研和总结,从激光成丝物理现象、基本机制和特征优势出发,介绍了超快激光在气、液及固体不同介质中光丝引导加工工艺的研发进展,对技术发展中的问题和前景进行了思考与分析。

基于二硫键的三重刺激响应可控润湿性表面的构建

合成了一种双-[3-(三甲氧基硅)丙基]-二硫化物(TPDS),并将其接枝到具有优异光热转化能力的聚多巴胺改性表面(PDA-Glass),获得了二硫键功能化表面(2S-PDA-Glass)。利用X射线光电子能谱仪对该表面进行了表征,采用水接触角测定仪表征了2S-PDA-Glass在980 nm近红外光、365 nm紫外光及50℃温度刺激下可控润湿性。结果表明,接枝于表面上的二硫键在3种刺激源下均可发生断裂,被还原成亲水的巯基,导致表面水接触角由78°下降到55°左右;而表面巯基被三氯化铁氧化后又重新形成二硫键,表面水接触角可再次升至78°左右,实现了多重刺激响应的可控润湿性。使得材料可以在不同的环境中自由选择刺激源,应用范围更为广泛。

A core–shell Ni/SiO_(2)@TiO_(2) catalyst for highly selective one-step synthesis of 2-propylheptanol from n-pentanal

One-step synthesis of 2-propylheptanol(2-PH)from n-pentanal via a reaction integration of n-pentanal self-condensation and successive hydrogenation is of great significance for it can simplify process flow and reduce energy consumption.The key to promotion of 2-PH selectivity is to enhance the competitiveness of n-pentanal self-condensation with respect to its direct hydrogenation.For this purpose,a core–shell structured Ni/SiO_(2)@TiO_(2) catalyst was designed and prepared.With the precise architecture of this core–shell structured catalyst,n-pentanal can be firstly in contact with TiO_(2) to 2-propyl-2-heptenal(2-PHEA)while the direct hydrogenation to n-pentanol can be effectively inhibited,and then 2-PHEA diffuses into the core of Ni/SiO_(2) and is hydrogenated to 2-PH.The spatial threshold of the core–shell catalyst significantly enhanced its catalytic performance;a 2-PH selectivity of 77.9%was reached with a 100%npentanal conversion.The 2-PH selectivity is much higher than that obtained by employing Ni/TiO_(2) catalyst.Furthermore,the reaction kinetics of one-step synthesis of 2-PH from n-pentanal catalyzed by Ni/SiO_(2)@TiO_(2) was studied and its kinetic model was established which is useful for reactor design and scale-up.

3D-Printed Scaffolds Promote Angiogenesis by Recruiting Antigen-Specific T Cells

The immune response after implantation is a primary determinant of the tissue-repair effects of threedimensional(3D)-printed scaffolds.Thus,scaffolds that can subtly regulate immune responses may display extraordinary functions.Inspired by the angiogenesis promotion effect of humoral immune response,we covalently combined mesoporous silica micro rod(MSR)/polyethyleneimine(PEI)/ovalbumin(OVA)self-assembled vaccines with 3D-printed calcium phosphate cement(CPC)scaffolds for local antigen-specific immune response activation.With the response activated,antigen-specific CD4+T helper2(Th2)cells can be recruited to promote early angiogenesis.The silicon(Si)ions from MSRs can accelerate osteogenesis,with an adequate blood supply being provided.At room temperature,scaffolds with uniformly interconnected macropores were printed using a self-setting CPC-based printing paste,which promoted the uniform dispersion and structural preservation of functional polysaccharides oxidized hyaluronic acid(OHA)inside.Sustained release of OVA was achieved with MSR/PEI covalently attached to scaffolds rich in aldehyde groups as the vaccine carrier.The vaccine-loaded scaffolds effectively recruited and activated dendritic cells(DCs)for antigen presentation and promoted the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)in vitro.When embedded subcutaneously in vivo,the vaccine-loaded scaffolds increased the proportion of Th2 cells in the spleen and locally recruited antigenspecific T cells to promote angiogenesis in and around the scaffold.Furthermore,the result in a rat skull defect-repair model indicated that the antigen-specific vaccine-loaded scaffolds promoted the regeneration of vascularized bone.This method may provide a novel concept for patient-specific implant design for angiogenesis promotion.

Trigger control characteristics of fuze-recoil simulation system based on electromagnetic launcher

Fuze is the information processing and control unit of the ammunition, so the quality of the fuze becomes one of the most important aspects of ammunition detection. Since using recoil force is a common method to the arm fuze, its dynamic simulation test has always been the focus of the fuze test research. A new fuze recoil environmental simulation method is proposed based on the electromagnetic launcher. Then the trigger control characteristics of the fuze recoil simulation system and the influence of the trigger position on the recoil force are studied. The results of the study show that although the pulse width of the armature force curve can be changed by adjusting the trigger position, due to the limit of the range, there also exists the contradiction that the electromagnetic pulse width gets narrow with the increase of electromagnetic force peak. Thus, it cannot meet the requirements of the fuze launch recoil simulation. In order to make the recoil force close to the actual environment, the multi-stage trigger control characteristics are analyzed, and the influence of trigger position on recoil environmental force characteristics is studied. Then a fuze launch recoil environmental simulation platform is established and continuous electromagnetic force is achieved by using the trigger strategy. Finally, the experiment is performed to simulate the fuze launch recoil environment and show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical analysis. The major research work of this paper includes studying the composition and basic principle of the simulation system, establishing a launch model to analyze the single-stage and multi-stage coil fuze launch recoil characteristics, designing the test device to verify the correctness and validity of the research. This paper draws the conclusions that the feasibility of the fuze launch environmental simulation based on the electromagnetic launcher is verified, the trigger position has a great influence on force peak continuity, the problems of low maximum overload peak and short peak duration in the multi-stage coil fuze launch environmental simulation can be effectively solved through adjusting the trigger position, the system has creative and extensive application prospects.

A Comprehensive Review of Supply Chain Uncertainty

Proper management of the supply chain is a critical factor in a competitive and dynamic business environment.A supply chain consists of every single link starting with the transformation of consumer needs to use products which are then redirected back to the clients.As a result,a smooth transition of operations is critical in the supply chain.Uncertainty at any of the links in the supply chain can cause delays and blockage which might affect the general performance of the output of the chain.Consequently,it is necessary to direct the different factors liable for the supply chain.Subsequently,appropriate planning and dealing with uncertainties will translate to better arranging right from the level of production to timely distribution and eventually a greater customer satisfaction.

Woven fabric triboelectric nanogenerators for human-computer interaction and physical health monitoring

Triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)converts mechanical energy into valuable electrical energy,offering a solution for future energy needs.As an indispensable part of TENG,textile TENG(T-TENG)has incredible advantages in harvesting biomechanical energy and physiological signal monitoring.However,the application of T-TENG is restricted,partly because the fabric structure parameter and structure on T-TENG performance have not been fully exploited.This study comprehensively investigates the effect of weaving structure on fabric TENGs(F-TENGs)for direct-weaving yarn TENGs and post-coating fabric TENGs.For direct-weaving F-TENGs,a single-yarn TENG(Y-TENG)with a core-sheath structure is fabricated using conductive yarn as the core layer yarn and polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)filaments as the sheath yarn.Twelve fabrics with five different sets of parameters were designed and investigated.For post-coating F-TENGs,fabrics with weaving structures of plain,twill,satin,and reinforced twill were fabricated and coated with conductive silver paint.Overall,the twill F-TENGs have the best electrical outputs,followed by the satin F-TENGs and plain weave F-TENGs.Besides,the increase of the Y-TENG gap spacing was demonstrated to improve the electrical output performance.Moreover,T-TENGs are demonstrated for human-computer interaction and self-powered real-time monitoring.This systematic work provides guidance for the future T-TENG’s design.

Inhalable iron redox cycling powered nanoreactor for amplified ferroptosis-apoptosis synergetic therapy of lung cancer

Fenton reaction centered ferroptosis-apoptosis synergetic therapy has emerged as a promising tumor elimination strategy.However,the low intracellular Fenton level and accumulation of therapeutics at the lesion site greatly limit the efficacy of ferroptosis therapy.To overcome these two bottlenecks,an inhalable metal polyphenol network(MPN)-hybrid liposome,encoded as LDG,was proposed for enhancing the intracellular Fenton reaction level by co-delivering the ferroptosis inducer dihydroartemisinin(DHA)and the ferrous ion(Fe2+)donor MPN.The synthesized LDG had excellent nebulization performance which significantly improved the accumulation in the lungs,about 8.2 times of intravenous injection.In terms of anticancer mechanisms,MPN raised the intracellular level of Fe2+by constructing iron cycling in the weakly acidic environment of tumors.Triggered by Fe2+,DHA with peroxide-bridge structure underwent a high level of Fenton-like reaction,promoted the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)and induced strong ferroptosis while cooperating with apoptosis.LDG exhibited extraordinary antitumor ability in an orthotopic lung tumor model,whose tumor inhibition efficiency was 1.53(P=0.0014)and 1.32(P=0.0183)times of the LG group(liposomes coated with gallic acid(GA)-Fe MPN)and LD group(liposomes loaded with DHA),respectively,showing the strongest anticancer effect.In conclusion,the constructed MPN-hybrid liposomes could be a potent custom nanoplatform for pulmonary delivery and underscored the great potential of ferroptosis-apoptosis synergetic therapy.

Circular polarization-selective optical,photothermal,and optofluidic effects in chiral metasurfaces

Circular dichroism (CD) is extensively used in various material systems for applications including biological detection,enantioselective catalysis,and chiral separation.This paper introduces a chiral absorptive metasurface that exhibits a circular polarization-selective effect in dual bands-positive and negative CD peaks at short wavelengths and long wavelengths,respectively.Significantly,we uncover that this phenomenon extends beyond the far-field optical response,as it is also observed in the photothermal effect and the dynamics of thermally induced fluid motion.By carefully engineering the metasurface design,we achieve two distinct CD signals with high g factors (1) at the wavelengths of 877 nm and 1045 nm,respectively.The findings presented in this study advance our comprehension of CD and offer promising prospects for enhancing chiral light–matter interactions in the domains of nanophotonics and optofluidics.

A triple-enhanced chemodynamic approach based on glucosepowered hybrid nanoreactors for effective bacteria killing

Rapid evolution of multidrug resistance in bacterial pathogens is outpacing the development of new antibiotics,and chemodynamic therapy(CDT)provides an excellent alternative.However,achieving highly efficient CDT is still a great challenge,since the pH in the infection site is close to neutral and the supply of H_(2)O_(2)is inadequate.We herein constructed the antibacterial nanoreactors.Indocyanine green(ICG)and glucose oxidase(GOx)were incorporated into homologous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)nanoparticles coating with metal polyphenol network(MPN)composed by Fe^(3+)and tannic acid(TA).The well-designed nanoreactors could simultaneously break the pH and H_(2)O_(2)limitations,and generate hyperthermia under irradiation,thus realizing a triple-enhanced CDT for high-efficiency sterilization.Furthermore,the nanoreactors could combine CDT with photothermal therapy(PTT)and photodynamic therapy(PDT),which not only improved the bactericidal efficiency and broadened the antibacterial spectrum,but also alleviated the antibiotics resistance issues.Remarkably,the proposed nanoreactors achieved a robust in vitro bacterial killing against Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The nanoreactors achieved an 99.7%MRSA reduction in an MRSA-induced murine abscess model accompanied with negligible toxicity.Overall,this study provides a promising strategy for multiple-enhanced CDT and multimodal combined therapy for pathogenic infections.

Parametric generation and phase locking of multiple sidebands in the regime of full-back-conversion

Parametric interaction allows both forward and backward energy transfers among the three interacting waves.The back-conversion effect is usually detrimental when unidirectional energy transfer is desired.In this theoretical work,we manifest that the back-conversion effect underpins the direct generation of the picosecond pulse train without the need for a laser resonator.The research scenario is an optical parametric amplification(OPA)that consists of a second-order nonlinear medium,a quasi-continuous pump laser and a sinusoidal amplitude-modulated seed signal.The back-conversion of OPA can transfer the modulation peaks(valleys)of the incident signal into output valleys(peaks),which inherently induces spectral sidebands.The generation of each sideband is naturally accompanied with a phase shift of±π.In the regime of full-back-conversion,the amount and amplitude of the sidebands reach the maximum simultaneously,and their phase constitutes an arithmetic sequence,leading to the production of a picosecond pulse train.The generated picosecond pulse train can have an ultrahigh repetition rate of 40 GHz or higher,which may facilitate ultrafast applications with ultrahigh speed.

Pipeline血流导向装置与传统支架辅助栓塞治疗颈内动脉未破裂中小型动脉瘤的疗效比较分析

目的评价Pipeline血流导向装置(Pipeline flow diverter,PED)治疗未破裂颈内动脉中小型动脉瘤的安全性及有效性。方法收集2018年1月至2022年2月我院神经介入科采用PED及支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞(stent-assisted coiling,SAC)治疗的53例颈内动脉未破裂动脉瘤患者的临床资料,并进行回顾性分析及组间对比。分别采用O Kelly Marotta(OKM)分级及Raymond分级评估术后即刻及随访时动脉瘤的栓塞程度;采用改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)评价患者围手术期及随访时的神经功能;介入治疗术后3个月开始采用DSA或CTA随访复查动脉瘤的闭塞情况及支架通畅情况。结果共有符合纳入标准患者53例,其中PED 31例,SAC 22例。两组患者性别、年龄等基线数据均无统计学差异。PED组34枚动脉瘤的术后即刻DSA显示造影剂明显滞留,OKM A级9枚(26.4%),B级7枚(20.6%),C级14枚(41.2%),D级4枚(11.8%)。SAC组24枚动脉瘤的术后即刻DSA显示,RaymondⅠ级16枚(66.7%),Ⅱ级7枚(29.1%),Ⅲ级1枚(4.2%)。手术时间在PED组和SAC组之间存在显著统计学差异(P=0.003<0.05),围手术期出现不良事件为9例,PED组4例,SAC组5例,两组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.49)。PED组术后平均随访时间为(6.4±1.8)个月(范围:5~12个月);SAC组术后平均随访时间为(10.4±9.0)个月(范围:2~30个月)。对术后动脉瘤闭塞情况进行观察,PED组完全闭塞28例(84.8%),SAC组完全闭塞17例(77.3%)。SAC组术后复发4例,PED组未见术后复发。术后随访中所有患者预后良好,mRS≤2,无出血或缺血导致的术后不良事件发生。结论使用PED治疗颈内动脉未破裂中小型动脉瘤可以缩短手术时间,具有不弱于支架辅助栓塞治疗的动脉瘤完全闭塞率及安全性,且在避免术后复发方面具有明显优势,但长期疗效仍需进一步的随访观察。

Energy-band engineering by 2D MXene doping for high-performance homojunction transistors and logic circuits

The homojunction based on Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene-doped In_(2)O_(3) and indium oxide as the channel layer is real-ized in high-performance metal oxide thin film transistors(TFTs).Doping of MXene into In_(2)O_(3) results in n-type semiconductor behavior,realizing tunable work function of In_(2)O_(3) from 5.11 to 4.79 eV as MXene content increases from 0 to 2 wt.%.MXene-doped In_(2)O_(3)-based homojunction TFT presents optimal per-formance with electron mobilities of greater than 27.10 cm^(2)/(V s)at 240°C,far exceeding the maximum mobility of 3.91 cm^(2)/(V s)for single-layer In_(2)O_(3)TFTs.The improved performance originates from boosting of a two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG)formed at carefully engineered In_(2)O_(3)/MXene-doped In_(2)O_(3)ox-ide homojunction interface.Besides,the transformation in conduction mechanism leads to better stability of MXene-doped In_(2)O_(3) homojunction devices compared to undoped bilayer In_(2)O_(3).Low-frequency noise further illustrates that doping MXene into In_(2)O_(3) helps to reduce the device trap density,demonstrating excellent electrical performance.A resistor-loaded unipolar inverter based on In_(2)O_(3)/0.5%MXene-In_(2)O_(3)TFT has demonstrated full swing characteristics and a high gain of 13.The effective doping of MXene into constructed homojunction TFTs not only contributes to improved stability,but also provides an ef-fective strategy for designing novel homojunction TFTs for low-cost oxide-based electronics.

One-pot synthesis of bimetallic Fe/Co incorporated silica hollow spheres with superior peroxidase-like activity

Mesoporous silica hollow spheres with a homogenous and high content distribution of Fe and Co were synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal process. The sub-nanometer bimetallic components inside the silica framework facilitate the stable fixation and the open accessibility to active sites. The co-doped Fe/Co in the spheres showed excellent peroxidase-like activity and much higher catalytic performance than their monometallic-supported spheres. The synergistic effect between Fe and Co promotes the continuous formation of functional radicals during the oxidation process and thus accelerates the reaction rate. When used for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)), the Fe/Co incorporated silica hollow spheres show the capability of detection of H_(2)O_(2) in a wide range(10-250 μmol/L) and with the low detection limit of 0.012 ppm.

Optimization of electrical performance and stability of fully solution-driven α-InGaZnO thin-film transistors by graphene quantum dots

This work presents solution-processed high-performance graphene quantum dots(GQDs)decorated amor-phous InGaZnO(α-IGZO)thin-film transistors(TFTs)based on ZrO x as gate dielectrics.Compare with pure IGZO TFTs,GQDs-modifiedα-IGZO TFTs devices with optimized doping content have demonstrated better performances,including a larger field-effect mobility(μFE)of 35.91 cm 2 V^(-1)s^(-1),a higher on/offcurrent ratio(I ON/I OFF)of 5.04×10^(8),a smaller subthreshold swing(SS)of 0.11 V dec^(-1)and a smaller interfacial trap states(D it,1.57×10^(12)cm^(−2)).Moreover,the GQDs-doped IGZO TFTs with a doping concentration of 0.5 mg ml^(-1)have shown excellent stability under bias stress and illumination stress conditions.To demonstrate the potential applications ofα-IGZO TFTs in logic circuits,a resistor-loaded unipolar inverter based on GQDs-IGZO/ZrO x has been integrated,demonstrating good dynamic behavior and a high gain of 9.3.Low-frequency noise(LFN)characteristics of GQDs-IGZO/ZrO x TFTs have suggested that the fluctua-tions in mobility are the noise source.Based on all the experimental findings,it can be concluded that solution-processed GQDs-IGZO/ZrO x TFT may envision promising applications in optoelectronics.

Plasma protein corona forming upon fullerene nanocomplex:Impact on both counterparts

Protein corona refers to the structure composed of biomolecules adsorbed on the surface of nanomaterials.The study on the effect of the interaction between protein and nanoparticles can provide an important guide for the application of nanodrug delivery.To provide a reference for the research on fullerene(C60)nanocomplex drug delivery systems,this work studied the interaction between C60 nanocomplex and a variety of plasma proteins.Research showed that the protein binding with C60 nanocomplex did not change the charge properties of protein.The proteins induced the aggregation of C60 nanocomplex.The circular dichroism spectra showed that the secondary structure of the proteins changed after binding to C60 nanocomplex.The ultraviolet-visible spectra showed that the effect of C60 nanocomplex on proteins was concentration-dependent.The fluorescence spectra showed that C60 nanocomplex could intrinsic fluorescence alteration of proteins.The adsorption capacity of C60 nanocomplex to proteins was changed at 0 h and 4 h.The interaction between nanocomplex and proteins might affect the morphological characteristics of nanocomplex and the conformation of proteins.This work could provide a reference for the research and development of C60 nanocomplex and other carbon-based nanocomplex as nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.

2种眼表综合分析仪在干眼诊断指标测量中的重复性和一致性分析

目的:探究Keratograph 5M和DED-1L这2种眼表综合分析仪在干眼诊断指标中的重复性和一致性。方法:横断面对比研究。采用随机抽样方法于2021年9—11月在温州医科大学附属眼视光医院准分子激光科招募干眼患者45例(均为45只左眼),在同一天内由同一名操作者分别使用Keratograph 5M和DED-1L仪器对受检者进行泪河高度(TMH)、上睑板腺缺失面积(UMGL)、下睑板腺缺失面积(LMGL)以及非接触式泪膜破裂时间(NIBUT)的检测。TMH和上下睑板腺缺失面积使用Image J软件进行绘制计算。采用单因素方差分析、配对t检验、Bland-Altman图对相关数据进行分析。结果:Keratograph 5M在TMH、UMGL和LMGL中,组内受检者标准差(Sw)均<0.025,测试重复性系数(TRT)均<0.069,组内变异系数(Cov)均<10.43%,组内相关系数(ICC)均>0.868;在首次NIBUT(fNIBUT)和平均NIBUT(avNIBUT)中,Sw均>4.382,TRT均>12.138,Cov均>34.34%,ICC均<0.464。DED-1L在TMH、UMGL和LMGL中Sw均<0.030,TRT均<0.082,Cov均<11.26%,ICC均>0.860;在fNIBUT和avNIBUT中,Sw均>2.858,TRT均>7.918,Cov均>35.31%,ICC均<0.244。Keratograph 5M和DED-1L在UMGL和LMGL的检测差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);在TMH、fNIBUT和avNIBUT的检测差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.63,P=0.012;t=6.97,P<0.001;t=6.68,P<0.001)。Bland-Altman图显示,5M和DED-1L检测TMH、UMGL和LMGL差值的均数分别为-0.033 mm、-0.004、0.004,95%一致性界限(LoA)分别为(-0.15,0.10)mm、(-0.07,0.07)(-0.08,0.09),在95%LoA外分别占了6.67%(3/45)、4.44%(2/45)、6.67%(3/45);5M和DED-1L检测fNIBUT和avNIBUT差值的均数分别为5.7 s和4.6 s,95%LoA分别为(-5.1,16.6)s和(-4.5,13.8)s,在95%LoA外均占了2.22%(1/45)。结论:DED-1L仪器在TMH、UMGL和LMGL的干眼诊断中可以和Keratograph 5M仪器互相替代;在fNIBUT和avNIBUT的干眼诊断中则不能互相替代。

Corrigendum to“Magnesium cationic cue enriched interfacial tissue microenvironment nurtures the osseointegration of gamma-irradiated allograft bone”[Bioact.Mater.10C(April 2022)32-47]

The authors regret a mistake of funding numbers in the Acknowledgment Section failed to be corrected during proof reading.Below is the corrected funding statement in Acknowledgment SECTION This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.81902189,81772354,82002303,31570980),Clinical Innovation Research Program of Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory(2018GZR0201002),National Key Research and Development Plan(2018YFC1105103).

Corrigendum to‘Fabrication of a bio-instructive scaffold conferred with a favorable microenvironment allowing for superior implant osseointegration and accelerated in situ vascularized bone regeneration via type H vessel formation’[Bioactive Materials,Volume 9(March 2022)Page 491-507]

The authors regret a mistake of funding numbers in the Acknowledgment Section failed to be corrected during proofreading.Below is the corrected funding statement in ACKNOWLEDGMENT SECTION:This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.82072415,81772354,81902189),Clinical Innovation Research Program of Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory(2018GZR0201002),Science Technology Project of Guangzhou City(2019ZD15).

Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair:A review

Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects,delayed union or non-union,and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time,despite the emergency of synthetic bone graft substitutes.Nevertheless,the integration of allogeneic grafts and synthetic substitutes with host bone was found jeopardized in long-term follow-up studies.Hence,the enhancement of osteointegration of these grafts and substitutes with host bone is considerably important.To address this problem,addition of various growth factors,such as bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs),parathyroid hormone(PTH)and platelet rich plasma(PRP),into structural allografts and synthetic substitutes have been considered.Although clinical applications of these factors have exhibited good bone formation,their further application was limited due to high cost and potential adverse side effects.Alternatively,bioinorganic ions such as magnesium,strontium and zinc are considered as alternative of osteogenic biological factors.Hence,this paper aims to review the currently available bone grafts and bone substitutes as well as the biological and bio-inorganic factors for the treatments of bone defect.