呼伦贝尔农垦集团草畜平衡状况与粮经饲配置模式

加快生态草牧业建设以提升草原生态承载力、促进草畜动态平衡,是实现农牧场畜牧业增产和牧区可持续发展的重要举措.本文以呼伦贝尔农垦集团24个农牧场为研究区,基于MODIS,Landsat TM/OLI和高分2号等遥感数据和农牧场草牧业年度报表数据,应用遥感解译和草地净初级生产力遥感估算模型,获取了农垦集团24个农牧场草地分布现状和退化状况,测算了各农牧场草地净初级生产力,评价了草地生态承载力和超载状况,进而提出了农牧场生态草牧业建设的粮经饲配置模式.结果表明:呼伦贝尔农垦集团24个农牧场中草地总面积的66.16%出现不同程度的退化,主要表现为草地植被生产力和盖度下降,由草原开垦等导致草地破碎化面积约占草地总面积的1.55%.遥感估算的呼伦贝尔农垦集团24个农牧场平年产草总量约为34.07万t,欠年(2001年)产草总量为27.43万t,丰年(2013年)产草总量为48.89万t.2015年农垦集团24个农牧场实际载畜量为164.19万个羊单位,理论载畜量为86.83万个羊单位,在不考虑青贮草和外购饲草料的情况下,超载率为89%,饲草缺口42.35万t.农垦集团24个农牧场现有耕地面积为3.95×103 km2,基于生态草牧业建设的理念,将其中10%的耕地开展人工草地种植,理论上相当于5.86×103 km2天然草地的产草量,完全可满足整个农垦集团牲畜饲草料需求.推行"粮、经、饲‘三元结构’、草田轮作"的生产模式,适度利用现有耕地开展粮改饲和种养结合模式,提高草地产量、有助于维护草畜平衡,遏制草地退化趋势,提高草原牧区草牧业可持续发展和生态保护能力.

Mapping global impervious surface area and green space within urban environments

The mapping of impervious surface area(ISA) and urban green space(UGS) is essential for improving the urban environmental quality toward ecological, livable, and sustainable goals. Currently, accurate ISA and UGS products are lacking in urban areas at the global scale. This study established regression models that estimated the fraction of ISA/UGS in global 30 cities for validation using MODIS NDVI and DMSP/OLS nighttime light imageries. A global dataset of ISA and UGS fraction with a spatial resolution of 250 m×250 m was developed using the regression model, with a mean relative error of 0.19 for its ISA. The results showed the global urban area of 76.29×10~4 km^2, which was primarily distributed in central Europe, eastern Asia,and central and eastern North America. The urban land area in North America, Europe, and Asia was 66.3×10~4 km^2, accounting for 86.91% of the world’s urban area;the urban land area of the top 50 countries accounted for 59.32% of the total urban land area in the world. The global ISA of 45.26×10~4 km^2 was mainly distributed in central and southern North America, eastern Asia, and Europe, as well as coastal regions around the world. The proportion of ISA situated in built-up areas on the continental scale followed the order of Africa(>70%)>South America>Oceania>Asia(>60%)>North America>Europe(>50%), and these areas were mostly in southeastern North America, southwestern Europe, and eastern and western Asia. North America, Europe, and Asia accounted for 89.44% of the world’s total UGS. The cities of developed countries in Europe and North America exposed a dramatic mosaic of ISA and UGS composites in urban construction. Therefore, the proportion of UGS is relatively high in those cities. However, in developing and underdeveloped countries, the proportion of UGS in built-up areas is relatively low, and urban environments need to be improved for livability.

70 years of urban expansion across China: trajectory, pattern, and national policies

新中国成立70年来,国家城市化水平显著提升,城市建设取得了辉煌的成绩.本研究采用卫星遥感、历史地图及文献资料,系统重现了新中国成立70年来(1949~2018年)城市扩展的时空轨迹,揭示了国家城市扩展的格局、态势及政策的驱动作用.研究表明, 70年来中国城市土地面积由1949年的5600 km2增长到2018年的74800km2,增长了约12倍,由农业生产为主的社会转变为以现代工业和服务业为主的国家.改革开放以来,国家实施的东部沿海地区率先发展战略极大地推进了东部沿海地区城市扩展."西部大开发"战略显著带动了西部地区城市扩展,有效缩减了区域差异.新时代"美丽中国"生态文明建设城市宏伟蓝图的绘制,提出仍需解决好城市发展的区域不平衡问题,从而塑造未来城市发展的新格局.

Evaluating impervious surface growth and its impacts on water environment in Beijing- Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area

The impervious surface area （ISA） at the regional scale is one of the important environmental factors for examining the interaction and mechanism of Land Use/Cover Change （LUCC）-ecosystem processes-climate change under the interactions of urbanization and global environmental change. Timely and accurate extraction of ISA from remotely sensed data at the regional scale is challenging. This study explored the ISA extraction based on MODIS and DMSP-OLS data and the incorporation of China＇s land use/cover data. ISA datasets in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area （BTTMA） in 2000 and 2008 at a spatial resolution of 250 m were developed, their spatiotemporal changes were analyzed, and their impacts on water quality were then evaluated. The results indicated that ISA in BTTMA increased rapidly along urban fringe, transportation corridors and coastal belt both in intensity and extents from 2000 to 2008. Three cities （Tangshan, Langfang and Qinhuangdao） in Hebei Province had higher ISA growth rates than Beijing due to the pressure of population-resour- ces-environments in the city resulting in increasingly transferring industries to the nearby areas. The dense ISA distribution in BTTMA has serious impacts on water quality in the Haihe River watershed. Meanwhile, the proportion of ISA in sub-watersheds has significantly linear relationships with the densities of river COD and NH3-N.

Global observation of urban expansion and land-cover dynamics usingsatellite big-data

Humans deeply influence the urbanizing of earth’s surface system in an exacerbating manner across space and time[1].Around the globe,urban land-use/cover changes reflect the intensities of human activities and land shifts from nature or semi-nature lands to man-made–dominated surfaces[2].

Methods to extract impervious surface areas from satellite images

Impervious surface area(ISA)is an important parameter for many environmental or socioeconomic relevant studies.The unique characteristics of remote sensing data made it the primary data source for ISA mapping at various scales.This paper summarizes general ISA mapping procedure and major techniques and discusses impacts of scale issues on selection of remote sensing data and corresponding algorithms.Previous studies have indicated that ISA mapping remains a challenge,especially in urban–rural frontiers and in covering a large area.Effectively employing rich spatial information in high spatial resolution imagery through texture and objectbased methods is valuable.Data fusion of multi-resolution images and spectral mixture analysis are common approaches to reduce the mixed pixel problem in medium spatial resolution images such as Landsat.Coarse spatial resolution images such as MODIS and DMSP-OLS are valuable for national and global ISA mapping but more research is needed to effectively integrate multisource/scale data for improving mapping performance.Development of an optimal procedure corresponding to specific study areas and purposes is required to generate accurate ISA mapping results.

Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades,but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood.Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set,our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land(RIL)quadrupled during 1990–2015,reaching 39338 km2 in 2015,comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts.About 91%of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land,thus exposed to industrial disturbances.Accelerated rural industrial land expansion,particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks,led to dramatically increased environmental risks,threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents.Moreover,negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades.The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks.China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization.This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning,which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.

The influence of urban three-dimensional structure and building greenhouse effect on local radiation flux

Accurate measurements of the three-dimensional structure characteristics of urban buildings and their greenhouse effect are important for evaluating the impact of urbanization on the radiation energy budget and research on the urban heat island(UHI)effect.The decrease in evapotranspiration or the increase in sensible heat caused by urbanization is considered to be the main cause of the UHI effect,but little is known about the influence of the main factor“net radiant flux”of the urban surface heat balance.In this study,experimental observation and quantitative model simulation were used to find that with the increase of building surface area after urbanization,the direct solar radiation flux and net radiation flux on building surface areas changed significantly.In order to accurately quantify the relationship between the positive and negative effects,this study puts forward the equivalent calculation principle of“aggregation element”,which is composed of a building’s sunny face and its shadow face,and the algorithm of the contribution of the area to thermal effect.This research clarifies the greenhouse effect of a building with walls of glass windows.Research shows that when the difference between absorption rates of a concrete wall and grass is−0.21,the cooling effect is shown.In the case of concrete walls with glass windows,the difference between absorption rates of a building wall and grass is−0.11,which is also a cooling effect.The greenhouse effect value of a building with glass windows reduces the cooling effect value to 56%of the effect of a building with concrete walls.The simulation of changes in net radiant flux and flux density shows that the greenhouse effect of a 5-story building with windows yields 15.5%less cooling effect than one with concrete walls,and a 30-story building with windows reduces the cooling effect by 23.0%.The simulation results confirmed that the difference in the equivalent absorption rate of the aggregation element is the“director”of cooling and heating effects,and the area of the aggregation element is the“amplifier”of cooling and heating effects.At the same time,the simulation results prove the greenhouse effect of glass windows,which significantly reduces the cold effect of concrete wall buildings.The model reveals the real contribution of optimized urban design to mitigating UHI and building a comfortable environment where there is no atmospheric circulation.