A chromosome-level genome assembly of rugged rose (Rosa rugosa) provides insights into its evolution, ecology, and floral characteristics

Rosa rugosa,commonly known as rugged rose,is a perennial ornamental shrub.It produces beautiful flowers with a mild fragrance and colorful seed pods.Unlike many other cultivated roses,R.rugosa adapts to a wide range of habitat types and harsh environmental conditions such as salinity,alkaline,shade,drought,high humidity,and frigid temperatures.Here,we produced and analyzed a high-quality genome sequence for R.rugosa to understand its ecology,floral characteristics and evolution.PacBio HiFi reads were initially used to construct the draft genome of R.rugosa,and then Hi-C sequencing was applied to assemble the contigs into 7 chromosomes.We obtained a 382.6Mb genome encoding 39,704 protein-coding genes.The genome of R.rugosa appears to be conserved with no additional whole-genome duplication after the gamma whole-genome triplication(WGT),which occurred~100 million years ago in the ancestor of core eudicots.Based on a comparative analysis of the high-quality genome assembly of R.rugosa and other high-quality Rosaceae genomes,we found a unique large inverted segment in the Chinese rose R.chinensis and a retroposition in strawberry caused by post-WGT events.We also found that floral development-and stress response signaling-related gene modules were retained after the WGT.Two MADS-box genes involved in floral development and the stress-related transcription factors DREB2A-INTERACTING PROTEIN 2(DRIP2)and PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER 3(PTR3)were found to be positively selected in evolution,which may have contributed to the unique ability of this plant to adapt to harsh environments.In summary,the high-quality genome sequence of R.rugosa provides a map for genetic studies and molecular breeding of this plant and enables comparative genomic studies of Rosa in the near future.

Effects of Addition of Amino Acids or Soybean Phospholipid in Diet on Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Pigs

[Objectives]The study aims to discuss the effects of addition of arginine and glutamic acid or soybean phospholipid,vitamin E and yeast selenium in diet on the slaughter performance and meat quality of long(white)×large(York)binary hybrid pigs.[Methods]27 long×large castrated hybrid boars with the body weight of(54.4±0.15)kg were randomly divided into 3 groups,with 3 replicates per group and 3 pigs per replicate.Group A was the control group,in which the pigs were fed basal diet;in group B,0.8%arginine and 0.60%glutamate were added to the basal diet;in group C,75 g of soybean phospholipid,20 g of vitamin E and 8 g of yeast selenium were added to every 100 kg of the basal diet.The trial period was 60 d.After the experiment was ended,one test pig with similar body weight was selected from each replicate for slaughter and meat determination.[Results]The average weight gain and eye muscle area of the pigs in group B were significantly higher than those in group C(P<0.05),and also showed an increasing trend compared with group A,but there was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05);there was no significant difference between group B or C and group A in the average weight gain and eye muscle area(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in other slaughter performance between the three groups(P>0.05).Besides,there was also no significant difference in the content of various amino acids,total amino acids and total umami amino acids between the three groups(P>0.05).The inosine content in the longissimus dorsi muscle and muscle cooking loss of binary hybrid pigs in group C were significantly better than those in group B(P<0.05),and also had a tendency to be better than those in group A,but there was no significant difference(P>0.05);there was no significant difference between group B or C and group A in the inosine content and muscle cooking loss of the pigs(P>0.05).In addition,there was no significant difference in other meat traits and chemical composition of the longissimus dorsi muscle between group B or C and group A(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The addition of arginine and glutamic acid or soybean phospholipid,vitamin E and yeast selenium in diet had no significant effect on the growth rate,slaughter performance and meat traits of long×large binary hybrid pigs.

Effects of Diet with"Lianhuang"Additive of Chinese Herb Medicine on Growth Performance and Metabolic Rates of Dietary Nutrients in Donglan Black Chicken

[Objectives]The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diet with"Lianhuang"additive of Chinese herbal medicine(LACHM)on growth performance and metabolic rates of dietary nutrients in Donglan black chickens(DBCs).[Methods]80 DBCs aged 1 d were blocked into 4 groups randomly and assigned to 6 replicates in each group with 20 chicks in each replicate.Group A as control group fed basal diet.Groups B,C and D as treatment groups consumed the basal diet added with 0.25%,0.50%and 1.00%of LACHM,respectively during the test period of 70 d.In the end of feeding test,24 DBCs with similar body weight from each group were chosen out and used for a metabolism test to determine the metabolic rates of dietary nutrients from each treatment.The metabolism test was conducted as the same design as the feeding test and the DBCs from each group were fed the same diet as previous test.[Results]The ADG of chickens in the test increased by 5.00%-9.15%(P<0.05)except the stage of 50-70 d,and the individual average body weight(IABW)at 70 d in group B also increased by 4.86%(P<0.05).Compared with group A,the ADG of group C in the stages of 36-49,1-49 and 1-70 d and the IABW in the end of 70 d increased by 5.90%,2.66%,2.68%and 2.57%(P>0.05),respectively.The ADFI in the stage of 36-49 d from group A was 6.04%more than that from group B(P<0.01),and 5.12%and 4.13%more than those from groups C and D(P<0.05),respectively,and the ADFI of group A in the stage of 1-49 d was still 2.86%more than that from group C(P<0.05).However,no differences in ADFI were found in other stages in the test among the 4 groups(P>0.05).The F/G in the stages of 22-35 and 1-70 d from group B was 6.32%and 3.41%lower than those from group A(P<0.05),respectively,and even 11.43%and 7.31%lower in the stages of 36-49 and 1-49 d from group B than those from group A(P<0.01),respectively.The F/G of group C in the stage of 36-49 d was also 10.15%lower than that of group A(P<0.05),and still 5.29%lower than that from group A in 1-49 d(P<0.01),but no differences were found in other stages between the two groups(P>0.05).The metabolic rates of MD,CP,CF,NFE,CA,TE,Ca and P in the 3 treatment diets for group B,C and D all increased to some extent.Among them,the increasing extents of diets with 0.25%and 0.50%of LACHM for groups B and C were much greater.Therefore,the diet with 0.25%of LACHM could improve the growth performance and metabolic rates of dietary nutrients in DBCs significantly.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical reference for the effects of traditional Chinese medicine additives on the growth and metabolic rates of DBCs.

Effects of Diet with "Lianteng" Additive of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Blood Biochemical Indexes,Immune and Antioxidant Function of Guangxi Sanhuang Chickens

[Objectives]This trial was conducted to investigate the effects of diet with"Lianteng"additive of Chinese herbal medicine on blood biochemical indexes,immune and antioxidant function of Guangxi Sanhuang chickens.[Methods]480 Guangxi Sanhuang chickens at the age of 1 d were divided into 4 groups randomly and each group was assigned to 6 replicates with 20 chicks in each replicate;groups A,B and C were treatment groups and fed basal diets with 0.1%,0.2%and 0.4%of"Lianteng"additive of Chinese herbal medicine respectively during a trial of 70 d.Group D was control group and fed only basal diet.The serum samples were taken from 6 chicks in each group at the age of 21,35 and 49 d respectively and analyzed for biochemical,immune and antioxidant parameters in serum.[Results]Results from the trial showed that no difference was found in serum content of GLU,TG,TP,TC,and UN in the measurement at the age of 21,35 and 49 d(P>0.05);however,the content of ALB from groups A and B at 35 d was significantly higher than that from group D(P<0.01),and the ALB content from group B at 49 d was also higher than that from group D(P<0.05);the IgM content at 49 d from group A was lower than that from group D(P<0.05),in addition to this,there was no differences found in the contents of IgG,IgM and IFN-y among groups A,B,C and D during the trial(P>0.05);but the content of IL-2 from groups A and B at 49 d was significantly greater than that from group D(P<0.05);T-AOC from groups A,B and C at 49 d was very significantly higher than that from group D(P<0.01),and the one of group B at 35 d was still obviously higher than that of group D(P<0.05);also at 49 d,the GSH content in groups A and B was much greater than that in group D(P<0.01);T-SOD activity of group B and C at 35 d was distinctly greater than that of group D(P<0.05).[Conclusions]It can be concluded that the addition of 0.2%of"Lianteng"additive of Chinese herbal medicine in diet can increase immune function in a certain extent and promote the antioxidant ability observably for Guangxi Sanhuang chickens.

The safety and effectiveness of ticagrelor early postoperative mono-antiplatelet Therapy in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective The purpose is to investigate the safety and effectiveness of ticagrelor early postoperative mono-antiplatelet therapy in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods 832 patients who choose ticagrelor for anti-platelet therapy from August 2015 to December 2016 and underwent PCI with the second generation drug-eluting stent(DES)was selected.

All optical artificial synapses based on long-afterglow material for optical neural network

Artificial neural network with broad application prospect has attracted particular attention due to the promise of solving the memory wall bottleneck.The neural devices that mix light and electricity provide more degrees of freedom for the design of artificial neural network,but they still do not get rid of the shackles that the response signal needs circuit to transmission.The exploration of all-optical neural devices(optical signal input and output)is expected to solve this problem.Here,an all-optical synaptic device simply based on a long-afterglow material is reported.The optical properties of the all-optical synaptic device are similar to the responses in biological synapses.Unique image displays and memory functions can be achieved by combining alloptical synaptic arrays with synaptic memory behavior.Furthermore,the optical summation of all-optical synaptic array pixels can be completed by combining the focusing characteristics of convex lens,which realizes the photon transmission after preprocessing multiple input signals.Particularly,the simple single-layer structure of all-optical synapses with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)as the carrier has high plasticity and is expected to achieve large-scale preparation.This work enriches the diversity of artificial synapses and shows the huge development potential of photoelectric artificial neural networks.

Excellent strength-ductility synergy properties of gradient nano-grained structural CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy

Tailoring heterogeneities could bring out excellent strength-ductility synergy properties.A gradient nanograined(GNG)structure,i.e.grain size range from nanometer(~50 nm)at topest surface layer to micrometer(~1.3μm)at center layer,was successfully introduced into CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy(MEA)by means of high energy shot peening in this work.Experimental results demonstrated that this GNG CrCoNi MEA shows excellent strength and ductility combination properties,exhibiting high yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of~1215 MPa and~1524 MPa,respectively,while remaining a good ductility of~23.0%.The extraordinary hetero-deformation induced(HDI)hardening origins from heterogeneous structure,i.e.GNG structure,which contributes to the majority strength enhancement.Dynamical reinforced heterogeneous structure during tension process results in the enhanced HDI hardening effect,which facilitates excellent ductility and strain hardening capacity at high-level strength.Our work provide not only a feasible and effective way to strengthen the CrCoNi MEA,and other low stacking faults energy(SFE)materials,but also an useful insight to understanding HDI hardening in heterogeneous structure.

Effect of rotationally accelerated shot peening on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of a metastableβtitanium alloy

Microstructural evolution and deformation mechanism of a metastableβalloy(Ti-10 V-2 Fe-3 Al)processed by rotationally accelerated shot peening(RASP)were systematically investigated with optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction,electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.Different gradient hierarchical microstructures(gradients inα″martensite andβphase,and hierarchical twins range from the nanoscale to microscale)can be fabricated by RASP via changing the shot peening time.The hardening behavior and tensile mechanical properties of gradient hierarchical microstructure were systematically explored.Novel deformation twinning systems of{112}α″and{130}<310>α″in the kinkedα″martensite were revealed during the tensile deformation.It was found that stress-induced martensitic transformation,twinnedα″martensite and the related dynamic grain refinement contribute to hardness and work hardening ability.Simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility of the metastableα″titanium alloy can be achieved by introducing a gradient hierarchical microstructure.

EcoVis:visual analysis of industrial-level spatio-temporal correlations in electricity consumption

Closely related to the economy,the analysis and management of electricity consumption has been widely studied.Conventional approaches mainly focus on the prediction and anomaly detection of electricity consumption,which fails to reveal the in-depth relationships between electricity consumption and various factors such as industry,weather etc..In the meantime,the lack of analysis tools has increased the difficulty in analytical tasks such as correlation analysis and comparative analysis.In this paper,we introduce EcoVis,a visual analysis system that supports the industrial-level spatio-temporal correlation analysis in the electricity consumption data.We not only propose a novel approach to model spatio-temporal data into a graph structure for easier correlation analysis,but also introduce a novel visual representation to display the distributions of multiple instances in a single map.We implement the system with the cooperation with domain experts.Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

Conversion of mouse fibroblasts into oligodendrocyte progenitor-like cells through a chemical approach

Transplantation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is a promising way for treating demyelinating diseases. However, generation of scalable and autologous sources of OPCs has proven difficult. We previously established a chemical condition M9 that could specifically initiate neural program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Here we found that M9 could induce the formation of colonies that undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition at the early stage of reprogramming. These colonies may represent unstable and neural lineage-restricted intermediates that have not established a neural stem cell identity. By modulating the culture signaling recapitulating the principle of OPC development, these intermediate cells could be reprogrammed towards OPC fate. The chemical-induced OPC-like cells (ciOPLCs) resemble primary neural stem cell-derived OPCs in terms of their morphology, gene expression, and the ability of self-renewal. Upon differentiation, ciOPLCs could produce functional oligodendrocytes and myelinate the neuron axons in vitro, validating their OPC identity molecularly and functionally. Therefore, our study provides a non-integrating approach to OPC reprogramming that may ultimately provide an avenue to patient-specific cell-based or in situ regenerative therapy.

Grassland management practices in Chinese steppes impact productivity, diversity and the relationship

Grasslands are crucial parts of the terrestrial ecosystem, with an extremely high differentiation of productivity and diversity across spatial scales and land use patterns. The practices employed to manage grassland,such as grazing, haymaking, fertilization or reseeding, can improve the grassland condition. This study focuses on the changes in productivity and diversity and the relationship between them as affected by management practices.Productivity and diversity have unequivocally been altered in response to different management practices. When grazing intensity of a typical steppe increased from 1.5 to 9 sheep per hectare, both productivity and diversity declined.Higher grazing intensity(6 to 9 sheep per hectare)accelerated loss of diversity because of lower productivity.Productivity was significantly improved but diversity was lost by fertilizing. N fertilization also reduced the sensitivity of diversity to productivity. A similar response was found in mown grassland with increased productivity and diversity but their relationship was negatively affected.Mowing also slowed down the decline in diversity as productivity increased. Reseeding purple-flowered alfalfa led to an increased diversity, while yellow-flowered alfalfa increased productivity significantly. The negative productivity-diversity relationship was transformed to a positive one by reseeding alfalfa. These results enhance understanding of how productivity, diversity and their relationships change in response to altered grassland management practices, and support an integrated approach for improving both productivity and diversity.

三维稳态向列型液晶方程的Liouville定理

本文证明若三维稳态向列型液晶方程的解u和d满足u,▽d∈L^(9/2),q(R^(3)),3<q<∞,则u≡0,即满足Liouville型定理,其中u:R^(3)→R^(3)是速度场,d:R^(3)→S^(2)表示液晶分子的朝向.本文借鉴Galdi证明三维稳态不可压Navier-Stokes方程在空间L^(9/2)(R^(3))中的Liouville定理的思路及Schoen等刻画调和映照的思想,采用局部能量估计,将其结果推广到液晶方程以及Lorentz空间.

Superb strength and ductility balance of a Co-free medium-entropy alloy with dual heterogeneous structures

In present work,we successfully fabricated a novel Co-free non-equiatomic Ni_(46)Cr_(23)Fe_(23)Al_(4)Ti_(4)mediumentropy alloy with dual heterogeneous structures,i.e.three-levels grain structures and heterogeneous L1;precipitates.Experimental results revealed the dual heterogeneous structures lead to remarkable strength-ductility synergy properties in this Co-free medium-entropy alloy,showing high yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of~1203 MPa and~1633 MPa,respectively,remaining an excellent ductility of~28.7%.Further analyses about strengthening and deformation mechanisms indicated precipitation hardening and hetero-deformation induced hardening contribute the majority strength enhancement,meanwhile deformation-induced hierarchical stacking-faults networks,high density Lomer-Cottrell locks and microstructure features of heterogeneous grains and precipitates substantially facilitate the high work-hardening capacity and excellent tensile ductility.This work not only offers fundamental understanding of the strength and deformation mechanisms of the dual heterogeneous structural material,but also provides useful strength design strategy for low-price high performance high/medium-entropy alloys.

A light-emitting electrochemical artificial synapse with dual output of photoelectric signals

Despite recent remarkable progress in multiple synaptic devices,searching for artificial synapses with new functions is still an important task in the construction of artificial neural networks.The parallel output functionality of photoelectric signals in artificial synaptic devices is interesting and desirable as on-chip optoelectronic interconnection technology allows the connections between neurons weighted by current and light.In turn,it provides degrees of freedom and reduces circuit lead density in the design of large-scale neural networks.Hence,for the first time,a light-emitting electrochemical artificial synapse(LEEAS)based on poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]/poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium salt blends with dual output of photoelectric signals was developed in this study.The electrochemical redox reaction enables the device to achieve synaptic plasticity in biology and emulate the memory enhancement process,high-pass filtering characteristic,and classical Pavlov’s conditioned reflex experiment.In addition,the transient luminescence intensity of the LEEAS induced by identical electric spikes exhibits a synaptic-like potentiation behavior.Owing to the combination of electroluminescence(EL)and synaptic memory behavior,an LEEAS array exhibits a unique image display and storage functions that can memorize displayed images.The LEEAS proposed in this work enriches the diversity of artificial synapses,promoting the diversified design and development of next-generation optoelectronic hybrid artificial neural networks.

Liver DNA methylation and transcriptome between 1- and 3-year-old grass carp

Diseases of grass carps often occur in juveniles but not in adults that may have established disease resistance during development.We performed both DNA bisulfite and transcriptome sequencing on liver libraries of 1-and 3-year-old grass carps.Differential DNA-methylation analysis exhibited a declined methylation level through development.Functional annotation revealed that identified differentially methylated genes(DMGs)and differentially expressed genes were enriched in immune-related pathways such as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and its related pathways.Both differentially methylated and differentially expressed genes were clustered into the growth-and immune-related function networks.Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the DMGs localized on cell membrane were significantly enriched in calcium signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway,implying the importance of G protein-coupled receptors to development.These findings will broaden our understanding of the key genes and pathways that affect the immune system at different development stages and the developing protective strategies in grass carp.