Effects of Heterologously Overexpressing PIP5K-Family Genes in Arabidopsis on Inflorescence Development

Castor is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world and has extremely valuable uses.Castor inflorescences directly affect yield,so the study of inflorescence development is very important in increasing castor yield.Our previous studies have shown that the PIP5K gene family(PIP5Ks)is associated with inflorescence development.In this study,to determine the function of each PIP5K gene in castor,a female Lm-type castor line,aLmAB2,was used to determine the relative expression levels of the PIP5Ks in castor inflorescences.Six PIP5K genes were heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana,the relative expression of each gene and the effect on plants was determined in A.thaliana,and the relationships among the PIP5Ks in castor were inferred.The expression levels of the PIP5Ks in the female Lm-type castor line aLmAB2 were analyzed.The relative expression levels of the PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes were high(p<0.05)in isofemale inflorescences,and those of PIP5K1,PIP5K2,PIP5K6,and PIP5K8 were high(p<0.05)in female inflorescences but low(p<0.05)in bisexual inflorescences.The PIP5Ks were heterologously overexpressed in A.thaliana,and T3-generation plants with stable genetic resistance,i.e.,AT-PIP5K^(+)plants(AT-PIP5K1^(+),AT-PIP5K2^(+),AT-PIP5K6^(+),AT-PIP5K8^(+),AT-PIP5K9^(+),and ATPIP5K11^(+) plants),were obtained.Biological tests of the AT-PIP5K+plants showed that the growth of the main stem was significantly delayed in AT-PIP5K+plants compared with Columbia wild-type(WT)A.thaliana plants;the PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 genes promoted lateral stem growth and flower and silique development;and the PIP5K6,PIP5K8,PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes inhibited lateral stem growth and flower and silique development.The correlations among PIP5Ks in castor suggest that there may be a synergistic relationship among PIP5K1,PIP5K2,and PIP5K6 in castor inflorescences,and PIP5K8,PIP5K9,and PIP5K11 are complementary to the other three genes.

Utilization of Ogura CMS germplasm with the clubroot resistance gene by fertility restoration and cytoplasm replacement in Brassica oleracea L

Clubroot disease,a major plant root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae,has become one of the most destructive diseases among cultivated cruciferous vegetables.However,clubroot-resistant Brassica oleracea materials are rare.A few clubroot-resistant cabbage varieties are available on the market,but all are Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)types.Therefore,in this study,to reutilize the clubroot-resistant Ogura CMS germplasm of cabbage,a new fertility-restored Ogura CMS material,16Q2-11,was used as a bridge to transfer the clubroot resistance(CR)gene from the Ogura CMS cytoplasm to the normal cytoplasm by a two-step method(a fertility restoration and cytoplasm replacement method).In the first cross for fertility restoration of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbage(FRCRC),16Q2-11 was used as a restorer to cross with Ogura CMS materials containing the CR gene CRb2.Eleven Rfo-positive progenies were generated,of which four contained CRb2:F8-514,F8-620,F8-732 and F8-839.After inoculation with race 4 of P.brassicae,these four CRb2-positive individuals showed resistance.Furthermore,F8-514 and F8-839 were then used as male parents in the second cross of FRCRC to cross with cabbage inbred lines,resulting in the successful introgression of the CRb2 gene into the inbred lines.All offspring produced from this step of cross,which had a normal cytoplasm,showed a high resistance to race 4 of P.brassicae and could be utilized for the breeding of clubrootresistant cabbage varieties in the future.This is the first time that the Ogura CMS restorer has been used to restore the fertility of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbages,which could improve germplasm diversity in cabbage and provide a reference method for using CMS germplasm in Brassica crops.

Resilient control of flexible hypersonic vehicles against unmatched distributed faults

This paper studies a robust fault compensation and vibration suppression problem of flexible hypersonic vehicles.The controlled plant is represented by a cascade system composed of a nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation(ODE)and an Euler-Bernoulli Beam Equation(EBBE),in which the vibration dynamics is coupled with the rigid dynamics and suffers from distributed faults.A state differential transformation is introduced to transfer distributed faults to an EBBE boundary and a longitudinal dynamics is refined by utilizing T-S fuzzy IF-THEN rules.A novel T-S fuzzy based fault-tolerant control algorithm is developed and related stability conditions are established.The robust exponential stability and well-posedness are proved by using the modified l_(0)-semigroup based Lyapunov direct approach.A simulation study on the longitudinal dynamics of flexible hypersonic vehicles effectively verifies the validity of the developed theoretical results.

Truth Discovery with Memory Network

Truth discovery aims to resolve conflicts among multiple sources and find the truth. Conventional methods for truth discovery mainly investigate the mutual effect between the reliability of sources and the credibility of statements. These methods use real numbers, which have a lower representation capability than vectors to represent the reliability. In addition, neural networks have not been used for truth discovery. In this work, we propose memory-network-based models to address truth discovery. Our proposed models use feedforward and feedback memory networks to learn the representation of the credibility of statements. Specifically, our models adopt a memory mechanism to learn the reliability of sources for truth prediction. The proposed models use categorical and continuous data during model learning by automatically assigning different weights to the loss function on the basis of their own effects. Experimental results show that our proposed models outperform state-of-the-art methods for truth discovery.