中国广西指瘿蚊属Didactylomyia一新种记述(双翅目:瘿蚊科)

首次报道指瘿蚊属Didactylomyia Felt,1911在中国广西壮族自治区的分布,记述采自大瑶山的1新种:大瑶指瘿蚊Didactylomyia dayaoensis sp.nov.,作为咀瘿蚊总族在我国广西的首纪录,该新种阳茎其近基部1/5处明显加宽且端部仅略膨大,可明显区别于属内其他种。文中对指瘿蚊属的属征进行了修订,并对该新种与同属东洋区种类以及广西地区的瘿蚊特有种进行了比较讨论。

原劳瘿蚊属Prolauthia Rübsaamen东洋区首纪录(双翅目:瘿蚊科:瘿蚊亚科)

首次报道木瘿蚊族的原劳瘿蚊属Prolauthia Rübsaamen,1915在东洋区及中国的分布,记述采自中国西南部云南无量山的1新种:无量原劳瘿蚊Prolauthia wuliangensis sp.nov.。对原劳瘿蚊属的属征进行了修订,并对该新种与该属模式种进行了比较讨论。

A new species of Phamartes Bresseel & Constant(Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae: Necrosciinae) from Vietnam

This article describes one new species,Phamartes elongatus sp.nov.from Cát Tiên National Park,Vietnam.Photographs of the adult and genitalia are provided and a key to the two know species is provided based on the female.

The genus Gynandrobremia Mamaev(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) new to China with description of one new species

The genus Gynandrobremia Mamaev, 1965 is recorded from China for the first time. A new species,Gynandrobremia effurcata Jiao Bu sp. nov. is described and illustrated. A key to males of all known species of the genus in the world is provided. The generic diagnosis is revised.

A new species in the genus Malcus Stål(Hemiptera:Heteroptera:Malcidae)from China based on morphological and molecular data

Morphological and molecular data confirm a new species in genus Malcus from Xizang,China.Malcus zhengi sp.nov.is described and illustrated.Photos and illustrations of the adult,critical morphological characteristics and pygophore are provided.

A new species of Rhizomyia Kieffer(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)from Northeast China

A new cecidomyiid species,Rhizomyia acroleptosipha sp.nov.collected from Ning’an in Heilongjiang Province of China,is described and illustrated as the first record of the mycophagous genus Rhizomyia Kieffer,1898 from Northeast China.This new species is characterized by the unique bell-jar-shaped aedeagus with the basal 3/4 extremely broadened and the distal 1/4 constricted to be inverted-funnel-shaped.A new revised generic description is given to include this new species,and a key to all known species in China is provided.

Positioning taxonomic research for the future

Why do taxonomists matter? The work of taxonomists is often understated if not completely misunderstood. Without taxonomists, organisms cannot be accurately identified, neither can these organisms be given universally accepted names, and reliably positioned in the phylogenetic tree of life. Thanks to the work of taxonomists over the last 269 years since Carl Linnaeus established the binomial system, we can now measure the health and wealth of our biodiversity in a refined, science-based inventory prescribed by stringent nomenclatural rules.

General review of the tribe Brachineurini(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae) with description of Pennaticoxita tauricornuta gen.& sp.nov.from China

The paper provides a review of the tribe Brachineurini first with subtribal arrangement （Brachineurina subtribe, nov. and Brachyneurina subtrib, nov.） and a key to the genera. A new genus and species, Pennaticoxita tauricornuta Jiao ＆ Bu, gen. ＆ sp. nov. from China is described with generic diagnosis, illustration and photograph. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China （NKUM）.

Structural diversity of eukaryotic 18S rRNA and its impact on alignment and phylogenetic reconstruction

Ribosomal RNAs are important because they catalyze the synthesis of peptides and proteins.Comparative studies of the secondary structure of 18S rRNA have revealed the basic locations of its many length-conserved and lengthvariable regions.In recent years,many more sequences of 18S rDNA with unusual lengths have been documented in GenBank.These data make it possible to recognize the diversity of the secondary and tertiary structures of 18S rRNAs and to identify the length-conserved parts of 18S rDNAs.The longest 18S rDNA sequences of almost every known eukaryotic phylum were included in this study.We illustrated the bioinformatics-based structure to show that,the regions that are more length-variable,regions that are less length-variable,the splicing sites for introns,and the sites of A-minor interactions are mostly distributed in different parts of the 18S rRNA.Additionally,this study revealed that some length-variable regions or insertion positions could be quite close to the functional part of the 18S rRNA of Foraminifera organisms.The tertiary structure as well as the secondary structure of 18S rRNA can be more diverse than what was previously supposed.Besides revealing how this interesting gene evolves,it can help to remove ambiguity from the alignment of eukaryotic 18S rDNAs and to improve the performance of 18S rDNA in phylogenetic reconstruction.Six nucleotides shared by Archaea and Eukaryota but rarely by Bacteria are also reported here for the first time,which might further support the supposed origin of eukaryote from archaeans.

Biased heteroplasmy within the mitogenomic sequences of Gigantometra gigas revealed by sanger and high-throughput methods

Few studies have explored the differences between Sanger and HTS methods in the results of mitogenome sequencing. We used a single individual of insect to study the differences between the sequences given by Sanger and PCR-free HTS methods. Here we provided evidence for biased results of sequencing due to different methods in the mitochondrial genes of atp6, atp8, cox1, cox2, cox3, Cytb, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad5, rrn S, rrnL, trnH, trn I, and control region at various degrees. Especially, in cox1, the differently sequenced nucleotides account for 2.6% of the complete length. Furthermore, the highest value of the intraspecific genetic distance based on K2 P accounts for 2.5% using a barcode fragment size of cox1（651 bp, Sanger）, while the maximum distance of the corresponding cox1 fragment obtained by the two sequencing methods was 5.0%. We revealed that the methods of Sanger and HTS may give different sequencing results of mitochondrial genes, which may reflect the heteroplasmy of mitogenomes within an insect individual. Therefore, researchers should be very cautious in using the mixed data of a gene given by different methods of sequencing.

Natural selection on various sites of ribosomal proteins: a cladistic view

Deducing the function of certain sites within a protein necessitates a priori recognition of the strength of selective pressure. Currently, statistical method is the only option to evaluate the degree of conservation. In the statistical framework, the types of selective pressure can be divided into classifications of negative, nearly neutral and positive. However, such quantitative methods may omit some crucial amino acid sites among the nearly neutral results. In this study, we propose that the cladistic information can be also important to evaluate the functional importance of various amino acid sites. The ribosomal proteins of 62 eukaryotic species were chosen as the case for statistical and cladistic analysis. The evolutionary changes of each site in the aligned sequences were matched on a currently well-accepted cladogram of eukaryotes. Hundreds of synapomorphic sites were discovered in various clades, in which only part of them were suggested to be potentially significant in the statistical framework. Notably, the mutation on His213 of RPL10 in human beings, which are synapomorphic in vertebrates but only be identified as being under neutral selection, is account for the disease Autism. Therefore, the cladistic information can be complementary to the statistical framework in understanding lineage-specific selection event. Additionally, the bias in the accumulation of apomorphic amino acids is significant when going from the Chordata to the Mammalia lineages. This study emphasizes the value of analyzing transcriptomic and proteomic data in a cladistic way to recognize the presence of group-specific selection on various sites in proteins.

Notes on the genus Brachineura Rondani(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with description of three new species from China

The generic diagnosis of Brachineura is revised to give an accurate and adequate redescription by adding detailed characters. First records of Brachineura in China, including three new species, namely B. sphaerica Jiao ＆ Bu, sp. nov., B. physiphora Jiao ＆ Bu, sp. nov.and B. prodolichata Jiao ＆ Bu, sp. nov., are described and illustrated. The type specimens were deposited in the Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China（NKUM）.