Combining chlorination and sulfuration strategies for high-performance all-small-molecule organic solar cells

Three small-molecule donors based on dithieno [2,3-d:2’,3 ’-d’]-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’] dithiophene(DTBDT)unit were designed and synthesized by side chain regulation with chlorinated or/and sulfurated substitutions(namely ZR1,ZR1-Cl,and ZR1-S-Cl respectively),along with a crystalline non-fullerene acceptor IDIC-4 Cl with a chlorinated 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone(IC) end group.Energy levels,molar extinction coefficients and crystallinities of three donor molecules can be effectively altered by combining chlorination and sulfuration strategies.Especially,the ZR1-S-Cl exhibited the best absorption ability,lowest higher occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy level and highest crystallinity among three donors,resulting in the corresponding all-small-molecule organic solar cells to produce a high power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 12.05% with IDIC-4 Cl as an acceptor.

Effect of Low Molecule Polyamide and Nano-SiO_2 on Properties of the Poly (MMA/BA/MAA)

Effects of low molecule polyamide （LMPA） and namometer SiO2 particles on the properties of the poly （MMA/ BA/MAA） adhesive for wearable and nonskid PVC （polyvinyl carbazole） materials were investigated. The experimental results show that the shear strength of poly （MMA/BA/MAA）/LMPA is increased, when the LMPA is added into poly （MMA/BA/MAA）. The optimum addition of LMPA is about 4 wt pct. By adding 3 wt pct nano-SiO2 into poly （MMA/BA/MAA）/LMPA adhesive, its properties such as the shear strength, thermal stability, wear resistance and sea waterproof resistance are increased too.

The Construction and Implementation Path of the Audit System for Quality Control in the Big Data Era

In the era of big data,the construction and implementation of a quality control audit system are particularly crucial.This article delves into the impact of big data technology on quality control auditing,establishes a quality control auditing system in the big data era,and elucidates the pathway to realizing this system.Through the application of big data technology to quality control audits,there is an enhancement in audit efficiency,the attainment of more accurate risk assessment,and the provision of robust support for the sustainable development of enterprises.

Enhancement of Audit Closed-Loop Management for Optimal Audit Results Transformation

The process of converting audit findings into actionable improvement measures within an enterprise is pivotal for achieving the“value-added”objective of internal audits and fostering sustainable business development.By elucidating the definition and significance of transforming internal audit results,this study underscores the imperative of applying and effectively converting these findings.Additionally,it seeks to streamline the value assessment framework for internal audit result transformation and delineates key factors that impede this transformation.Furthermore,this study explores strategies to bolster the closed-loop audit management system and outlines specific methods for enhancing the transformation of internal audit results within the enterprise,thereby contributing to its overall progress.

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变患眼视盘周围及黄斑区视网膜血流参数变化特征

目的:观察非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)患眼视盘周围及黄斑区视网膜血流相关参数的变化特征。方法:回顾性病例对照研究。选择2017年10月至2018年6月在南京医科大学附属无锡第二医院确诊的萎缩型NAION患者(发病时间>3个月)18例(18眼)。另选取眼部检查正常的门诊健康体检者20例(20眼)作为正常对照组。使用AngioVueOCT血管成像系统对所有受检者进行视盘及其血流成像、黄斑区血流成像及黄斑视神经节细胞复合体(GCC)扫描,测量视盘周围神经纤维(pRNFL)厚度、GCC厚度和整个平面视网膜血流密度(wiVD),包括视盘周围放射状毛细血管(RPC)、视乳头旁的RPC血流密度(ppVD)、浅层毛细血管丛(SCP)、深层毛细血管丛(DCP)及黄斑中心凹旁血流密度(pfVD)。组间数据比较采用卡方检验及独立样本t检验,Logistic回归及线性回归分析各血流参数对NAION发病、GCC等的影响,Pearson相关分析上下部分ppVD与pRNFL的相关性。结果:与正常对照组比较,NAION组pRNFL厚度、RPCwiVD、ppVD明显较低(t=-6.567、-6.958、-6.668,P<0.001),SCPwiVD、DCPwiVD及GCC厚度亦明显较低(t=-6.226、-2.760、-6.340,P<0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示NAION发病与ppVD相关(b=0.502,OR=1.653,P=0.045)。线性回归分析显示NAION患者的LogMARBCVA与SCPwiVD相关(b=-0.726,P=0.003),pRNFL厚度与ppVD相关(b=0.883,P=0.001)。上半部分的pRNFL厚度与上半部分ppVD呈正相关(r=0.946,P<0.001),下半部分的pRNFL厚度与下半部分ppVD呈正相关(r=0.680,P=0.031)。结论:病程>3个月的NAION患眼视盘周围及黄斑区大血管附近血流显著减少。NAION患眼ppVD越稀疏,NAION发病可能性越大,pRNFL相对越薄;SCPwiVD越稀疏,NAION患眼的视力相对越差。

GOPS:A general optimal control problem solver for autonomous driving and industrial control applications

Solving optimal control problems serves as the basic demand of industrial control tasks.Existing methods like model predictive control often suffer from heavy online computational burdens.Reinforcement learning has shown promise in computer and board games but has yet to be widely adopted in industrial applications due to a lack of accessible,high-accuracy solvers.Current Reinforcement learning(RL)solvers are often developed for academic research and require a significant amount of theoretical knowledge and programming skills.Besides,many of them only support Python-based environments and limit to model-free algorithms.To address this gap,this paper develops General Optimal control Problems Solver(GOPS),an easy-to-use RL solver package that aims to build real-time and high-performance controllers in industrial fields.GOPS is built with a highly modular structure that retains a flexible framework for secondary development.Considering the diversity of industrial control tasks,GOPS also includes a conversion tool that allows for the use of Matlab/Simulink to support environment construction,controller design,and performance validation.To handle large-scale problems,GOPS can automatically create various serial and parallel trainers by flexibly combining embedded buffers and samplers.It offers a variety of common approximate functions for policy and value functions,including polynomial,multilayer perceptron,convolutional neural network,etc.Additionally,constrained and robust algorithms for special industrial control systems with state constraints and model uncertainties are also integrated into GOPS.Several examples,including linear quadratic control,inverted double pendulum,vehicle tracking,humanoid robot,obstacle avoidance,and active suspension control,are tested to verify the performances of GOPS.

Fluorination-substitution effect on all-small-molecule organic solar cells

Due to the strong crystallinity and anisotropy of small molecules, matched molecular photoelectric properties and morphologies between small molecules and non-fullerene acceptors are especially important in all-small-molecule organic solar cells(OSCs).Introducing fluorine atoms has been proved as an effective strategy to achieve a high device performance through tuning molecular energy levels, absorption and assembly properties. Herein, we designed a novel benzodithiophene-based small molecule donor BDTF-CA with deep highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy level. All-small-molecule OSCs were fabricated by combing non-fullerene acceptor IDIC with different fluorine-atom numbers. Two or four fluorine atoms were introduced to the end-capped acceptor of IDIC, which are named as IDIC-2 F and IDIC-4 F, respectively. With the increase of fluorination from IDIC to IDIC-4 F, the open circuit voltage(Voc) of the devices decreased, while hole and electron mobilities of the active layers increased by one order of magnitude. Contributed to the most balanced Voc, short-circuit current(Jsc) and fill factor(FF), the device based on BDTF-CA/IDIC-2 F achieved the highest power conversion efficiency of 9.11%.

A-π-D-π-A small-molecule donors with different end alkyl chains obtain different morphologies in organic solar cells

For bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells, the morphology of the blend films highly influence the exciton dissociation and charge transport process. In this work, two novel A-π-D-π-A(A represents the acceptor unit and D represents the donor unit) backbone structure small molecular electron donors based on two dimensional conjugated naphtho[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene(NDT) with different end alkyl chains, named as NDT-3T-EH and NDT-3T-O, have been designed and synthesized. The photovoltaic property of NDT-3T-O-based device is better than that of the NDT-3T-EH and the best efficiency reaches 7.06%, and the photovoltaic property of NDT-3T-EH reaches 6.11%. The difference in the performance should be attributed to the different morphology and phase separation resulted from the different crystallinity and aggregation ability of two donors. The results demonstrate that the optimized end alkyl chains can be used to design A-π-D-π-A backbone structure small molecular electron donors for smallmolecule organic solar cells.

Safety and efficacy of Compound Huangdai Tablets combined with all-trans retinoic acid for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia:Clinical evidence and potential mechanisms

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Compound Huangdai Tablets(Realgar-Indigo Naturalis formula,RIF)combined with all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA)to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL).Methods:This study was registered in PROSPERO(CRD42018108118).The relevant literatures on RIF treatment of APL were systematically searched in the following databases:China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang,VIP Medical Information System,Chinese Biomedical Database,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,and PubMed.The quality of the included studies was evaluated and Review Manager 5.3 software and Stata 13.0 software were used to perform the Meta-analysis.In addition,this study used the method of network pharmacology to conduct a preliminary exploration of the mechanism of RIF on APL.Results:The study included 12 studies involving 775 APL patients.The Meta-analysis showed that there was no significant difference(P>0.05)between the RIF group and the arsenic trioxide(ATO)group for primary outcomes,secondary outcomes apart from liver dysfunction.The incidence of liver dysfunction(P=0.006)in the RIF group were significantly lower than those in the ATO group.In addition,the cost of maintenance therapy in the RIF group was significantly lower(P<0.05)than the ATO group.Besides,the active ingredients in RIF mainly act on targets proteins such as ACHE,NCOA2,RXRA,and then play a role in the treatment of APL through regulating multiple molecular mechanisms,such as TP53 regulates transcription of cell cycle genes,nuclear receptor transcription pathway.Conclusion:There was no significant difference in efficacy of oral RIF combined with ATRA compared with intravenous ATO combined with ATRA for the treatment of APL.The oral RIF exposed patients to less risk,offered more convenience and had lower prices.RIF can treat APL by multi-target and multipathway interventions that inducing apoptosis of APL cells and inhibiting the proliferation of APL cells,and so on.Therefore,oral RIF in the treatment of APL is worthy of further research and development.

Single-bond-linked oligomeric donors for high performance organic solar cells

The effective design and synthesis of novel small-molecule donors(SMDs) is extremely essential for the in-depth study of the scientific problems of bulk heterojunction morphology and the improvement of photovoltaic performance in organic solar cells(OSCs). Importantly, developing a series of donors with different conjugated central donor(D) units is a remarkable strategy to obtain high-performance donors. Herein, two acceptor-donor-donor-acceptor(A-D-D-A) type oligomeric donors 2DTBDT and2DTBDT-2T with two dithieno[2,3-d:2,3-d’]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene(DTBDT) as D units, without and with bithiophene as the π bridge respectively are designed and synthesized successfully. The central linked-DTBDT unit can provide a larger conjugated plane and promote π electron delocalization, which can effectively improve π-π interactions between donors and regulate the crystallinity. And we found that the π bridge provided 2DTBDT-2T with 12.31% efficiency that is already a high efficiency in OSCs,whereas 2DTBDT with merely 3.63% efficiency, both with 2,2-((2Z,2 Z)-((12,13-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2,"3 ’:4,5 ]thieno[2,3 :4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno-[2,3 :4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene)) dimalononitrile(Y6) as the acceptor. We conjecture that the main reason for the different device performance may be ascribed to the different molecular stacking orientation of the oligomeric donors and morphology features of the donors:Y6 blend films. Compared to the predominant face-on orientation of the 2DTBDT neat film, the 2DTBDT-2T neat film performed a preferential edge-on orientation, which obtained a smoother surface, stronger crystallinity and more uniform phase separation in the 2DTBDT-2T:Y6 blend films with nanofiber structure, which delivered higher and more balanced carrier mobilities, the more efficient exciton dissociation and reduced biomolecule recombination, therefore obtaining better power conversion efficiencies(PCEs). We speculate that the transformation of molecular stacking orientation of oligomeric donors is possibly due to that π bridge extended and twisted the molecular structure of 2DTDBT-2T, resulting in an edge-on orientation relative to the substrate. These findings demonstrate that the single-bond-linked donor strategy is an alternative method to design the donors towards high-performance OSCs.