MicroRNA （miRNA） has emerged as an important regulator of gene expression in plants. 146 miRNAs were identified from apple （Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious） by bioinformatic analysis and RNA library sequencin...MicroRNA （miRNA） has emerged as an important regulator of gene expression in plants. 146 miRNAs were identified from apple （Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious） by bioinformatic analysis and RNA library sequencing. From these, 135 were conserved and 11 were novel miRNAs. Target analysis predicted one of the novel miRNAs, Md-miRLn11 （Malus domestica microRNA Ln11）, targeted an apple nucleotide-binding site （NBS）-Ieucine-rich repeat （LRR） class protein coding gene （Md-NBS）. 5/ RACE assay confirmed the ability of Md-miRLn11 to cleave Md-NBS at the 11-12-nt position. Analysis of the expression of Md-miRLn11 and Md-NBS during the optimum invasion period in 40 apple varieties showed that the expression of Md-NBS gene in resistant varieties is higher than in susceptible varieties, with an inverse pattern for Md-miRLn11. Seedlings from the resistant apple variety ＇JiGuan＇ were used to carry out an Agrobacterium infiltration assay, and then inoculated with the apple leaf spot disease. The result showed a clear decline of disease resistance in JiGuan apples. In contrast, the susceptible variety ＇FuJi＇ infiltrated with the Md-NBS gene showed a significant increase in disease resistance. Based on the above results, we propose that Md-miRLn11 regulates Md-NBS gene expression in particular under the condition of pathogen infection, and that the Md-miRLn11 targeting P-loop site may regulate many NBS-LRR protein class genes in woody plants.展开更多
In this work,the forms of potassium and chlorine from oxy-fuel co-combustion of lignite coal and corn stover under atmospheric pressure were investigated.In order to check transitional stage,the feedstocks were combus...In this work,the forms of potassium and chlorine from oxy-fuel co-combustion of lignite coal and corn stover under atmospheric pressure were investigated.In order to check transitional stage,the feedstocks were combusted stepwise,first by pyrolysis to form coke under N2 environment and later by coke combustion into the ash at 850℃ in O_(2)/CO_(2) atmosphere.The results show that an increase in blend ratio from 15%to 40%results in an increase in water-soluble potassium in the feedstock and the ashes from 0.15%to 0.4%and 0.015%to 0.038%in weight respectively.The water-soluble potassium is present mainly as KCl and K2SO4.For ammonium acetate soluble potassium,a similar trend to water-soluble potassium is presented but with a much lower content of potassium.The bound potassium in the fuel matrix exists,likely in the form of AlKSi_(2)O_(6).Chlorides are present mainly in the form of KCl which is the dominant water-soluble compound.展开更多
基金ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Fruit Tree Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences for providing plant materials and apple Alternaria leaf spot （Alternaria alternata f.sp.mali）. This work was supported by the Doctoral Program Special Fund of the Ministry of Education of China （20100008110036）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31071784）, and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation （6102017）. No conflict of interest declared.
文摘MicroRNA （miRNA） has emerged as an important regulator of gene expression in plants. 146 miRNAs were identified from apple （Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious） by bioinformatic analysis and RNA library sequencing. From these, 135 were conserved and 11 were novel miRNAs. Target analysis predicted one of the novel miRNAs, Md-miRLn11 （Malus domestica microRNA Ln11）, targeted an apple nucleotide-binding site （NBS）-Ieucine-rich repeat （LRR） class protein coding gene （Md-NBS）. 5/ RACE assay confirmed the ability of Md-miRLn11 to cleave Md-NBS at the 11-12-nt position. Analysis of the expression of Md-miRLn11 and Md-NBS during the optimum invasion period in 40 apple varieties showed that the expression of Md-NBS gene in resistant varieties is higher than in susceptible varieties, with an inverse pattern for Md-miRLn11. Seedlings from the resistant apple variety ＇JiGuan＇ were used to carry out an Agrobacterium infiltration assay, and then inoculated with the apple leaf spot disease. The result showed a clear decline of disease resistance in JiGuan apples. In contrast, the susceptible variety ＇FuJi＇ infiltrated with the Md-NBS gene showed a significant increase in disease resistance. Based on the above results, we propose that Md-miRLn11 regulates Md-NBS gene expression in particular under the condition of pathogen infection, and that the Md-miRLn11 targeting P-loop site may regulate many NBS-LRR protein class genes in woody plants.
基金financed by International Cooperation Foundation for China-USA,NSFC-NSF 51661125012。
文摘In this work,the forms of potassium and chlorine from oxy-fuel co-combustion of lignite coal and corn stover under atmospheric pressure were investigated.In order to check transitional stage,the feedstocks were combusted stepwise,first by pyrolysis to form coke under N2 environment and later by coke combustion into the ash at 850℃ in O_(2)/CO_(2) atmosphere.The results show that an increase in blend ratio from 15%to 40%results in an increase in water-soluble potassium in the feedstock and the ashes from 0.15%to 0.4%and 0.015%to 0.038%in weight respectively.The water-soluble potassium is present mainly as KCl and K2SO4.For ammonium acetate soluble potassium,a similar trend to water-soluble potassium is presented but with a much lower content of potassium.The bound potassium in the fuel matrix exists,likely in the form of AlKSi_(2)O_(6).Chlorides are present mainly in the form of KCl which is the dominant water-soluble compound.
