Anti-clogging ability of the labyrinth emitter and its evaluation method

Emitter clogging is one of the most serious factors that restrict the drip irrigation system operation and water use efficiency.To scientifically characterize and evaluate emitter clogging risk,a literature review,short-period emitter anti-clogging tests,and CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)hydraulic performance tests were conducted.Results showed that the emitter anti-clogging ability is related to its structure,material,and processing technology,not external factors.This was evidenced in the irrigation tests,as with the different water qualities,the same emitters were repeatedly prone to clog or to avoid clogging.A predictive model of structural resistance coefficient(Cs),a quantitative indicator of the emitter anti-clogging ability,whose value ranges between 0 and 1,was utilized.Larger Cs values indicate a lower anti-clogging ability and thus a higher risk of clogging.A good linear relationship between Cs and the relative flow rate was detected,and the Cs relationship with the fluidity index(x)was determined to be a power function.The Cs should be controlled within the range of 0.146-0.461 when designing new emitters to ensure that they have good anti-clogging properties.This research will provide theoretical guidance for the anti-clogging management of drip irrigation systems and for the design of optimal emitter structures.

Hidden-mortality risk among patients deemed“low-risk”following high-risk operations

In the surgical field,growing attention has been paid to the identification of patients with a particularly high predisposition to postoperative morbidity and mortality following high-risk operations.The hepatopancreatic operation is one of the most complex surgical procedures,and it places a heavy burden on individuals and public health systems.The latest statistics reveal that an estimated 40.5%of patients undergoing hepatopancreatic operation have experienced at least 1 postoperative complication,and about 1.3%of these patients died within 30 days(1).Given the high burden associated with high-risk operations,research efforts have shifted toward the identification and management of patients at the highest risk of morbidity and mortality,but have overlooked the hidden risk among patients labeled“low risk”by multiple prognostic tools(2,3).Whether such hidden risks merit special consideration or can be overlooked is currently an open question and the subject of ongoing debate.