Investigation and Analysis of Rabies Viral Infection and Distribution in China in 2005-2012

Dear Editor, We report the results of a preliminary investigation of data collected between 2005 and 2012. A National Human Rabies Surveillance program was initiated in high rabies incidence regions in 2005, and subsequently carried out nationally to monitor rabies situation. Our work presents a summary of epidemiological and etiologic rabies surveillance data collected since the implementation of the program.

Feasibility of using Vis-NIR spectroscopy and PXRF spectrometry to estimate regional soil cadmium concentration

Conventionally,soil cadmium(Cd)measurements in the laboratory are expensive and timeconsuming,involving complex processes of sample preparation and chemical analysis.This study aimed to identify the feasibility of using sensor data of visible near-infrared reflectance(Vis-NIR)spectroscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(PXRF)to estimate regional soil Cd concentration in a time-and cost-savingmanner.The sensor data of Vis-NIR and PXRF,and Cd concentrations of 128 surface soils from Yunnan Province,China,were measured.Outer-product analysis(OPA)was used for synthesizing the sensor data and Granger-Ramanathan averaging(GRA)was applied to fuse the model results.Artificial neural network(ANN)models were built using Vis-NIR data,PXRF data,and OPA data,respectively.Results showed that:(1)ANN model based on PXRF data performed better than that based on Vis-NIR data for soil Cd estimation;(2)Fusion methods of both OPA and GRA had higher predictive power(R^(2))=0.89,ratios of performance to interquartile range(RPIQ)=4.14,and lower root mean squared error(RMSE)=0.06,in ANN model based on OPA fusion;R^(2)=0.88,RMSE=0.06,and RPIQ=3.53 in GRA model)than those based on either Vis-NIR data or PXRF data.In conclusion,there exists a great potential for the combination of OPA fusion and ANN to estimate soil Cd concentration rapidly and accurately.

Mechanisms of heating-electrokinetic co-driven perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)adsorption on zeolite

Slow release of emerging contaminants limits their accessibility from soil to pore water,constraining the treatment efficiency of physio-chemical treatment sites.DC fields mobilize organic contaminants and influence their interactions with geo-matrices such as zeolites.Poor knowledge,however,exists on the joint application of heating and electrokinetic approaches on perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)transport in porous media.Here,we investigated electrokinetic PFOA transport in zeolite-filled percolation columns at varying temperatures.Variations of pseudo-second-order kinetic constants(kPSO)were correlated to the liquid viscosity variations(η)and elctroosmotic flow velocities(vEOF).Applying DC fields and elevated temperature significantly(>37%)decreased PFOA sorption to zeolite.A good correlation betweenη,vEOF,and kPSO was found and used to develop an approach interlinking the three parameters to predict the joint effects of DC fields and temperature on PFOA sorption kinetics.These findings may give rise to future applications for better tailoring PFOA transport in environmental biotechnology.

A review on the chemical speciation and influencing factors of heavy metals in Municipal Solid Waste landfill humus

Heavy metal pollution in landfill humus can cause serious environmental problems and may endanger soil ecosystems and human health.The biological toxicity of heavy metals is not only related to their total amount but also influenced to a greater extent by the distribution of their chemical speciation.Exploring the different chemical speciation and proportions of heavy metals can provide a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the pollution characteristics and biological toxic-ity of heavy metals in landfill soil.Based on a review of the relevant literature,this paper systematically summarizes the recent research status of typical heavy metal chemical speciation in landfill humus.This chemical speciation is diverse and complex.For instance,heavy metals in residual states and organically bound states have little impact on organisms,while heavy metals in exchangeable states and Fe-Mn oxide states can easily migrate and transform.The chemical speciation of heavy metals is affected by many factors,among which the soil pH and organic matter content are some of the most important factors.Finally,the existing gaps in the current research on the chemical speciation of heavy metals in landfills are described and future research directions are proposed.This work provides a theoretical reference for researching the restoration of heavy metal-contaminated humus soil and the resource utilization of humus soil.

An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China

China is facing severe water problems including scarcity and pollution which are now becoming key factors restricting developments. Creating an alternative water resource and reducing effluent discharges, water reuse has been recognized as an integral part of water and wastewater management scheme in China. The government has launched nationwide efforts to optimize the benefits of utilizing reclaimed water. This article reviewed the water reuse activities in China, including： （1） application history and current status; （2） potentials of reclaimed water reuse; （3） laws, policies and regulations governing reclaimed water reuse; （4） risks associated with reclaimed water reuse; （5） issues in reclaimed water reuse. Reclaimed water in Beijing and Tianjin were given as examples. Suggestions for improving the efficiencies of reusing urban wastewater were advanced. Being the largest user of reclaimed wastewater in the world, China＇s experience can benefit the development of water reuse in other regions.

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China:Opportunities and challenges

The growing water stress both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration promotes the development of reclaimed water as a new water resource use. This paper reviewed wastewater reuse practices in China, and the opportunities and challenges of expanding reclaimed water use were analyzed. Rapid urbanization with the increasing of water demand and wastewater discharge provides an opportunity for wastewater reuse. The vast amount of wastewater discharge and low reclaimed water production mean that wastewater reuse still has a great potential in China. Many environmental and economic benefits and successful reclamation technologies also provide opportunities for wastewater reuse. In addition, the overall strategy in China is also encouraging for wastewater reuse. In the beginning stage of wastewater reclamation and reuse, there are many significant challenges to expand wastewater reuse in China including slow pace in adopting urban wastewater reuse programs, the establishment of integrated water resources management framework and guidelines for wastewater reuse programs, incoherent water quality requirements, the limited commercial development of reclaimed water and the strengthening of public awareness and cooperation among stakeholders.

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Soil is an important environmental medium that is closely associated with humans and their health. Despite this, very few studies have measured toxicants in soils, and associated them with health risks in humans. An assessment of health effects from exposure to contaminants in soils surrounding industrial areas of chemical production and storage is important. This article aims at determining pollution characteristics of persistent toxic substances （PTS） in an industrial area in China to unravel the relationship between soil pollution by PTS and human health. One hundred and five soil samples were collected and 742 questionnaires were handed out to residents living in and around an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in Northern China. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined in soil. Mann-Whitney U and binary multivariate non- conditional logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between health indicators of local residents and contaminant levels. Odds ratio （OR） and a 95% confidence interval （CI） for health incidences were also calculated. The average concentrations of DDT （73.9 ng/g）, HCH （654 ng/g） and PAHs （1225 ng/g） were relatively high in the industrial area. Residents living in the chemical industry parks were exposed to a higher levels of PTS than those living outside the chemical industry parks. This exposure was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer （OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.12-30.06）, stomach cancer （OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.26- 13.41）, dermatitis （OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05-2.80）, gastroenteritis （OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.94-2.68）, and pneumonia （OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.58-1.89）.

Multi-factors influencing the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils surrounding drinking water protection zone

We selected the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China as a case where an industrial area locates on the upwind corner to study the influence of human activities and natural processes on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in soils. Soil PAH concentrations in the study area follow a log-normal probability distribution function, suggesting that distribution of PAH in soils was affected by human activities. Distribution of PAHs in soils was significantly affected by the point source that high PAH concentrations were observed in near industrial area with an obvious declining trend from the northwest to the southeast which was the prevailing wind direction in this area. Away from the influence of point source, distribution of PAHs in soils was found to significantly correlate with total organic carbon content, while the influences of agricultural land uses and type of soil texture on the total soil PAHs contents and ring compositions were quite limited. The results can provide some evidences and data on the pollutant accumulation in drink water protection area influenced by natural processes and human activities.