Objective: To evaluate if mental fatigue is a symptom that appears independen tly from other clinical features in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), and to study if fatigue is persistent over time in these patients...Objective: To evaluate if mental fatigue is a symptom that appears independen tly from other clinical features in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), and to study if fatigue is persistent over time in these patients. Methods: In 1993, 2 33 patients with PD were included in a community-based study of fatigue and fo llowed prospectively over 8 years. Fatigue was measured by a combination of a se ven-point scale and parts of the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) at baseline a nd after 4 and 8 years. In addition, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was used t o evaluate fatigue in 2001. Population-averaged logistic regression models for correlated data were performed to study the relationship between fatigue and va rious demographic and clinical variables. Results: In patients who were followed throughout the 8-year study period, fatigue increased from 35.7% in 1993 to 42.9% in 1997 and 55.7% in 2001. Fatigue was related to disease progression , depression, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). However, the prevalence of fatigue in patients without depression and EDS remained high and increased from 32.1% to 38.9% during the study period. For about 44% of the patients wit h fatigue the presence of this symptom varied during the study period, as it was persistent in 56% of the patients with fatigue. Conclusions: The authors conf irmed the high prevalence of mental fatigue in patients with Parkinson disease ( PD). Fatigue is related to other non-motor features such as depression and exc essive daytime sleepiness, but cannot be explained by this comorbidity alone. In more than half of the patients mental fatigue is persistent and seems to be an independent symptom that develops parallel to the progressive neurodegenerative disorder of PD.展开更多
Purpose: To study the relationship between age-related maculopathy (ARM)/age -related macular degeneration (AMD) and phakic refraction and between ARM/AMD a nd axial length. Methods: The study was a point prevalence s...Purpose: To study the relationship between age-related maculopathy (ARM)/age -related macular degeneration (AMD) and phakic refraction and between ARM/AMD a nd axial length. Methods: The study was a point prevalence study that included 6 63 randomly selected persons aged over 65 years. We measured axial length and re fraction. Fundus images were graded for ARM according to a modified Wisconsin Ag e-related Maculopathy Grading System standard. Data from both eyes were availab le from most participants. We analysed the results for both individual eyes and pairs. Results: The mean axial length was 23.22mm for right eyes and 23.21mm for left eyes. Women had a 0.57-mm shorter mean axial length than men. The mean re fraction was +1.0 dioptres (D) for right eyes and +0.9 D for left eyes. At 70 years of age women were more hypermetropic than men by 0.66 D. There was no sign ificant difference in refraction or axial length among the groups with different ARM stages. Conclusion: We found no statistically significant relationship betw een axial length/refraction and AMD/ARM. There was a statistically significant s ex difference in axial length and refraction, where women had shorter axial leng ths and were more hypermetropic than men.展开更多
文摘Objective: To evaluate if mental fatigue is a symptom that appears independen tly from other clinical features in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), and to study if fatigue is persistent over time in these patients. Methods: In 1993, 2 33 patients with PD were included in a community-based study of fatigue and fo llowed prospectively over 8 years. Fatigue was measured by a combination of a se ven-point scale and parts of the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) at baseline a nd after 4 and 8 years. In addition, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was used t o evaluate fatigue in 2001. Population-averaged logistic regression models for correlated data were performed to study the relationship between fatigue and va rious demographic and clinical variables. Results: In patients who were followed throughout the 8-year study period, fatigue increased from 35.7% in 1993 to 42.9% in 1997 and 55.7% in 2001. Fatigue was related to disease progression , depression, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). However, the prevalence of fatigue in patients without depression and EDS remained high and increased from 32.1% to 38.9% during the study period. For about 44% of the patients wit h fatigue the presence of this symptom varied during the study period, as it was persistent in 56% of the patients with fatigue. Conclusions: The authors conf irmed the high prevalence of mental fatigue in patients with Parkinson disease ( PD). Fatigue is related to other non-motor features such as depression and exc essive daytime sleepiness, but cannot be explained by this comorbidity alone. In more than half of the patients mental fatigue is persistent and seems to be an independent symptom that develops parallel to the progressive neurodegenerative disorder of PD.
文摘Purpose: To study the relationship between age-related maculopathy (ARM)/age -related macular degeneration (AMD) and phakic refraction and between ARM/AMD a nd axial length. Methods: The study was a point prevalence study that included 6 63 randomly selected persons aged over 65 years. We measured axial length and re fraction. Fundus images were graded for ARM according to a modified Wisconsin Ag e-related Maculopathy Grading System standard. Data from both eyes were availab le from most participants. We analysed the results for both individual eyes and pairs. Results: The mean axial length was 23.22mm for right eyes and 23.21mm for left eyes. Women had a 0.57-mm shorter mean axial length than men. The mean re fraction was +1.0 dioptres (D) for right eyes and +0.9 D for left eyes. At 70 years of age women were more hypermetropic than men by 0.66 D. There was no sign ificant difference in refraction or axial length among the groups with different ARM stages. Conclusion: We found no statistically significant relationship betw een axial length/refraction and AMD/ARM. There was a statistically significant s ex difference in axial length and refraction, where women had shorter axial leng ths and were more hypermetropic than men.
