Theoretical investigations into the deflection angle caused by microlenses offer a direct path to uncovering principles of the cosmological microlensing effect.This work specifically concentrates on the the probabilit...Theoretical investigations into the deflection angle caused by microlenses offer a direct path to uncovering principles of the cosmological microlensing effect.This work specifically concentrates on the the probability density function(PDF)of the light deflection angle induced by microlenses.We have made several significant improvements to the widely used formula from Katz et al.First,we update the coefficient from 3.05 to 1.454,resulting in a better fit between the theoretical PDF and our simulation results.Second,we developed an elegant fitting formula for the PDF that can replace its integral representation within a certain accuracy,which is numerically divergent unless arbitrary upper limits are chosen.Third,to facilitate further theoretical work in this area,we have identified a more suitable Gaussian approximation for the fitting formula.展开更多
Non-noble transition metal oxides(TMOs)are promising catalysts with improved catalytic activity and stability in oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,the structural complexity of TMO-based electrocatalysts renders t...Non-noble transition metal oxides(TMOs)are promising catalysts with improved catalytic activity and stability in oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,the structural complexity of TMO-based electrocatalysts renders the determination of the active sites and OER mechanisms challenging.Here,we demonstrate that the OER activity of Co-doped one-dimensional W_(18)O_(49)(Co-W_(18)O_(49))is intrinsically dominated by the surface structure and electronic properties of the octahedral sites and Co-O-W bonds.Compared with RuO_(2) and W_(18)O_(49) heterogeneous electrocatalysts,Co-W_(18)O_(49) exhibits higher turnover frequency,attaining 1.97 s−1 at 500 mV overpotential.The results indicate that Co substitution contributes to the localized charge distribution of the active octahedral sites constructed by the Co-O-W bonds under OER conditions.Here,we determine the mechanism of TMOs for the OER,which may be applied to various other TMOs for OER electrocatalyst design.展开更多
The increase in gravitational wave(GW) events has allowed receiving strong lensing image pairs of GWs. However, the wave effect(diffraction and interference) due to the microlens field contaminates the parameter estim...The increase in gravitational wave(GW) events has allowed receiving strong lensing image pairs of GWs. However, the wave effect(diffraction and interference) due to the microlens field contaminates the parameter estimation of the image pair, which may lead to a misjudgment of strong lensing signals. To quantify the influence of the microlens field, researchers need a large sample of statistical research. Nevertheless, due to the oscillation characteristic, the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral’s computational time hinders this aspect’s study. Although many algorithms are available, most cannot be well applied to the case where the microlens field is embedded in galaxy/galaxy clusters. This work proposes a faster and more accurate algorithm for studying the wave optics effect of microlenses embedded in different types of strong lensing images. Additionally, we provide a quantitative estimation criterion for the lens plane boundary for the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral. This algorithm can significantly facilitate the study of wave optics, particularly in the case of microlens fields embedded in galaxy/galaxy clusters.展开更多
Innate immunity represents one of the main host responses to viral infection.1,2,3 STING(Stimulator of interferon genes),a crucial immune adapter functioning in host cells,mediates cGAS(Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase)sensing...Innate immunity represents one of the main host responses to viral infection.1,2,3 STING(Stimulator of interferon genes),a crucial immune adapter functioning in host cells,mediates cGAS(Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase)sensing of exogenous and endogenous DNA fragments and generates innate immune responses.4 Whether STING activation was involved in infection and replication of enterovirus remains largely unknown.In the present study,we discovered that human enterovirus A71(EV-A71)infection triggered STING activation in a cGAS dependent manner.EV-A71 infection caused mitochondrial damage and the discharge of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol of infected cells.However,during EV-A71 infection,cGAS-STING activation was attenuated.EV-A71 ^(pro)teins were screened and the viral ^(pro)tease 2A^(pro) had the greatest capacity to inhibit cGAS-STING activation.We identified TRAF3 as an important factor during STING activation and as a target of 2A^(pro).Supplement of TRAF3 rescued cGAS-STING activation suppression by 2A^(pro).TRAF3 supported STING activation mediated TBK1 phosphorylation.Moreover,we found that 2A^(pro) ^(pro)tease activity was essential for inhibiting STING activation.Furthermore,EV-D68 and CV-A16 infection also triggered STING activation.The viral ^(pro)tease 2A^(pro) from EV-D68 and CV-A16 also had the ability to inhibit STING activation.As STING activation prior to EV-A71 infection generated cellular resistance to EV-A71 replication,blocking EV-A71-mediated STING suppression represents a new anti-viral target.展开更多
We have developed a novel method for co-adding multiple under-sampled images that combines the iteratively reweighted least squares and divide-and-conquer algorithms.Our approach not only allows for the anti-aliasing ...We have developed a novel method for co-adding multiple under-sampled images that combines the iteratively reweighted least squares and divide-and-conquer algorithms.Our approach not only allows for the anti-aliasing of the images but also enables Point-Spread Function(PSF)deconvolution,resulting in enhanced restoration of extended sources,the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio,and reduced ringing artefacts.To test our method,we conducted numerical simulations that replicated observation runs of the China Space Station Telescope/the VLT Survey Telescope(VST)and compared our results to those obtained using previous algorithms.The simulation showed that our method outperforms previous approaches in several ways,such as restoring the profile of extended sources and minimizing ringing artefacts.Additionally,because our method relies on the inherent advantages of least squares fitting,it is more versatile and does not depend on the local uniformity hypothesis for the PSF.However,the new method consumes much more computation than the other approaches.展开更多
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic,leading to millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of human deaths.The efficient replication and population spread of SARS-CoV-2 indicates an ...The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic,leading to millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of human deaths.The efficient replication and population spread of SARS-CoV-2 indicates an effective evasion of human innate immune responses,although the viral proteins responsible for this immune evasion are not clear.In this study,we identified SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins,accessory proteins,and the main viral protease as potent inhibitors of host innate immune responses of distinct pathways.In particular,the main viral protease was a potent inhibitor of both the RLR and cGAS-STING pathways.Viral accessory protein 0RF3a had the unique ability to inhibit STING,but not the RLR response.On the other hand,structural protein N was a unique RLR inhibitor.0RF3a bound STING in a unique fashion and blocked the nuclear accumulation of p65 to inhibit nuclear factor-KB signaling.3CL of SARS-CoV-2 inhibited K63-ubiquitin modification of STING to disrupt the assembly of the STING functional complex and downstream signaling.Diverse vertebrate STINGs,including those from humans,mice,and chickens,could be inhibited by 0RF3a and 3CL of SARS-CoV-2.The existence of more effective innate immune suppressors in pathogenic coronaviruses may allow them to replicate more efficiently in vivo.Since evasion of host innate immune responses is essential for the survival of all viruses,our study provides insights into the design of therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.展开更多
Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease with a high fatality rate.It is caused by a virus in the genus Lyssavirus and is a global public health threat.The rabies virus invades and infects cells mainly via a glycoprote...Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease with a high fatality rate.It is caused by a virus in the genus Lyssavirus and is a global public health threat.The rabies virus invades and infects cells mainly via a glycoprotein,which may involve multiple receptors.Neutralizing antibodies against the rabies virus function by blocking the binding of the glycoprotein to a receptor or preventing the membrane fusion process.Vaccination combined with anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibodies is essential for postexposure prophylaxis for category III exposure to the rabies virus.In this review,we discussed the neutralizing epitopes of the rabies virus and the neutralization mechanism of monoclonal antibodies.The neutralizing antibodies that have been commercialized or are under development are also summarized.Our review would provide a basis for the further development of safe and effective broadspectrum neutralizing antibodies to replace the rabies virus immunoglobulin in rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.U1931210,11673065 and 11273061)funds the NBSDC-DB-10(No.2020000088)the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with No.CMS-CSST-2021-A12。
文摘Theoretical investigations into the deflection angle caused by microlenses offer a direct path to uncovering principles of the cosmological microlensing effect.This work specifically concentrates on the the probability density function(PDF)of the light deflection angle induced by microlenses.We have made several significant improvements to the widely used formula from Katz et al.First,we update the coefficient from 3.05 to 1.454,resulting in a better fit between the theoretical PDF and our simulation results.Second,we developed an elegant fitting formula for the PDF that can replace its integral representation within a certain accuracy,which is numerically divergent unless arbitrary upper limits are chosen.Third,to facilitate further theoretical work in this area,we have identified a more suitable Gaussian approximation for the fitting formula.
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of China as a general project(Grant Nos.21874099,22006029,22076082,and 22176140)Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter(Grant No.63181206)the Tianjin Commission of Science and Technology as a Key Technology Research and Develop-ment project(Grant Nos.19YFZCSF00740 and 20YFZCSN01070).
文摘Non-noble transition metal oxides(TMOs)are promising catalysts with improved catalytic activity and stability in oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,the structural complexity of TMO-based electrocatalysts renders the determination of the active sites and OER mechanisms challenging.Here,we demonstrate that the OER activity of Co-doped one-dimensional W_(18)O_(49)(Co-W_(18)O_(49))is intrinsically dominated by the surface structure and electronic properties of the octahedral sites and Co-O-W bonds.Compared with RuO_(2) and W_(18)O_(49) heterogeneous electrocatalysts,Co-W_(18)O_(49) exhibits higher turnover frequency,attaining 1.97 s−1 at 500 mV overpotential.The results indicate that Co substitution contributes to the localized charge distribution of the active octahedral sites constructed by the Co-O-W bonds under OER conditions.Here,we determine the mechanism of TMOs for the OER,which may be applied to various other TMOs for OER electrocatalyst design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1931210,11673065,and 11273061)the Science Research Grants from the China Manned Space Project(Grant No.CMSCSST-2021-A11)+5 种基金the Sugon Advanced Computing Service Platform for Computing Supportthe Cosmology Simulation Database(CSD)in the National Basic Science Data Center(NBSDC)its funds the NBSDC-DB-10(Grant No.2020000088)supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2203100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11903030,and 11903033)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.WK2030000036,and WK3440000004)。
文摘The increase in gravitational wave(GW) events has allowed receiving strong lensing image pairs of GWs. However, the wave effect(diffraction and interference) due to the microlens field contaminates the parameter estimation of the image pair, which may lead to a misjudgment of strong lensing signals. To quantify the influence of the microlens field, researchers need a large sample of statistical research. Nevertheless, due to the oscillation characteristic, the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral’s computational time hinders this aspect’s study. Although many algorithms are available, most cannot be well applied to the case where the microlens field is embedded in galaxy/galaxy clusters. This work proposes a faster and more accurate algorithm for studying the wave optics effect of microlenses embedded in different types of strong lensing images. Additionally, we provide a quantitative estimation criterion for the lens plane boundary for the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral. This algorithm can significantly facilitate the study of wave optics, particularly in the case of microlens fields embedded in galaxy/galaxy clusters.
基金This work was supported,in part,by following fundings:the National Natural Science Foundation of China(number 31970151,92169203,81701988,31900133,82172239,82102384,32041006,81772169)the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ21C010001 and LY22C080002,)the Leading innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(2019R01007).We thank Yifei Shi kindly provided key reagents.
文摘Innate immunity represents one of the main host responses to viral infection.1,2,3 STING(Stimulator of interferon genes),a crucial immune adapter functioning in host cells,mediates cGAS(Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase)sensing of exogenous and endogenous DNA fragments and generates innate immune responses.4 Whether STING activation was involved in infection and replication of enterovirus remains largely unknown.In the present study,we discovered that human enterovirus A71(EV-A71)infection triggered STING activation in a cGAS dependent manner.EV-A71 infection caused mitochondrial damage and the discharge of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol of infected cells.However,during EV-A71 infection,cGAS-STING activation was attenuated.EV-A71 ^(pro)teins were screened and the viral ^(pro)tease 2A^(pro) had the greatest capacity to inhibit cGAS-STING activation.We identified TRAF3 as an important factor during STING activation and as a target of 2A^(pro).Supplement of TRAF3 rescued cGAS-STING activation suppression by 2A^(pro).TRAF3 supported STING activation mediated TBK1 phosphorylation.Moreover,we found that 2A^(pro) ^(pro)tease activity was essential for inhibiting STING activation.Furthermore,EV-D68 and CV-A16 infection also triggered STING activation.The viral ^(pro)tease 2A^(pro) from EV-D68 and CV-A16 also had the ability to inhibit STING activation.As STING activation prior to EV-A71 infection generated cellular resistance to EV-A71 replication,blocking EV-A71-mediated STING suppression represents a new anti-viral target.
基金supported by the GHfund A(202302017475)supported by the Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20140050)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11973070,11333008,11273061,11825303,and 11673065)the China Manned Space Project with No.CMS-CSST-2021-A01,CMSCSST-2021-A03,CMS-CSST-2021-B01the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1931210)the support from Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS,grant No.ZDBS-LY-7013Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leaderthe support from the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with CMS-CSST-2021-A04,CMS-CSST-2021-A07。
文摘We have developed a novel method for co-adding multiple under-sampled images that combines the iteratively reweighted least squares and divide-and-conquer algorithms.Our approach not only allows for the anti-aliasing of the images but also enables Point-Spread Function(PSF)deconvolution,resulting in enhanced restoration of extended sources,the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio,and reduced ringing artefacts.To test our method,we conducted numerical simulations that replicated observation runs of the China Space Station Telescope/the VLT Survey Telescope(VST)and compared our results to those obtained using previous algorithms.The simulation showed that our method outperforms previous approaches in several ways,such as restoring the profile of extended sources and minimizing ringing artefacts.Additionally,because our method relies on the inherent advantages of least squares fitting,it is more versatile and does not depend on the local uniformity hypothesis for the PSF.However,the new method consumes much more computation than the other approaches.
基金This work was supported,in part,by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(number 32041006)Zhejiang University special scientific research fund for COVID-19 prevention and control(2020XGZX097)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ21 C010001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(numbers 31900133,81772169,81802351,81701988,and 31970151)the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(number 2018ZX10731-101-001-014).
文摘The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic,leading to millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of human deaths.The efficient replication and population spread of SARS-CoV-2 indicates an effective evasion of human innate immune responses,although the viral proteins responsible for this immune evasion are not clear.In this study,we identified SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins,accessory proteins,and the main viral protease as potent inhibitors of host innate immune responses of distinct pathways.In particular,the main viral protease was a potent inhibitor of both the RLR and cGAS-STING pathways.Viral accessory protein 0RF3a had the unique ability to inhibit STING,but not the RLR response.On the other hand,structural protein N was a unique RLR inhibitor.0RF3a bound STING in a unique fashion and blocked the nuclear accumulation of p65 to inhibit nuclear factor-KB signaling.3CL of SARS-CoV-2 inhibited K63-ubiquitin modification of STING to disrupt the assembly of the STING functional complex and downstream signaling.Diverse vertebrate STINGs,including those from humans,mice,and chickens,could be inhibited by 0RF3a and 3CL of SARS-CoV-2.The existence of more effective innate immune suppressors in pathogenic coronaviruses may allow them to replicate more efficiently in vivo.Since evasion of host innate immune responses is essential for the survival of all viruses,our study provides insights into the design of therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1200500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31902308,32170154)+1 种基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2019QC010)the Shandong Key Research and Development Program(No.2019GNC106006).
文摘Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease with a high fatality rate.It is caused by a virus in the genus Lyssavirus and is a global public health threat.The rabies virus invades and infects cells mainly via a glycoprotein,which may involve multiple receptors.Neutralizing antibodies against the rabies virus function by blocking the binding of the glycoprotein to a receptor or preventing the membrane fusion process.Vaccination combined with anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibodies is essential for postexposure prophylaxis for category III exposure to the rabies virus.In this review,we discussed the neutralizing epitopes of the rabies virus and the neutralization mechanism of monoclonal antibodies.The neutralizing antibodies that have been commercialized or are under development are also summarized.Our review would provide a basis for the further development of safe and effective broadspectrum neutralizing antibodies to replace the rabies virus immunoglobulin in rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.