胆汁淤积性肝病瘙痒的中西医研究进展

Pruritus is common in cholestatic liver disease,with a high clinical incidence rate and complex pathogenesis.Accumulation of potential pruritus inducers such as steroids,bile acids,and lysophosphatidic acid in the systemic circulation is the main cause of pruritus in cholestatic liver disease.Currently,clinical treatment of cholestatic liver disease-related pruritus mainly includes medication,intervention therapy,and some experimental methods.However,there are still problems,such as unclear pathological mechanisms and unsatisfactory treatment responses in some patients with cholestatic liver disease-related pruritus.Effective treatment for patients still faces challenges.By extensively screening patients’plasma(and/or bile)samples through clinical trials,potential pruritus inducers can be identified comprehensively,which can provide a deeper understanding of the itch signaling pathways in cholestatic liver disease and a basis for the development of treatment strategies.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has shown certain characteristics and advantages in clinical treatment.Based on the etiology and pathogenesis,external application,internal administration,and TCM-specific therapies have achieved good clinical efficacy.Similarly,the combination of Chinese medicine and Western medicine has also achieved more effective treatment for patients with cholestatic liver disease-related pruritus.This article will introduce the latest progress in the study of pruritus inducers in cholestatic liver disease and its treatment in TCM and Western medicine.

High association strengths are linked to phenotypic similarity,including plumage color and patterns,of participants in mixed-species bird flocks of southwestern China

Participants in mixed-species bird flocks(MSFs)have been shown to associate with species that are similar in body size,diet,and evolutionary history,suggesting that facilitation structures these assemblages.In addition,several studies have suggested that species in MsFs resemble each other in their plumage,but this question has not been systematically investigated for any MsF system.During the nonbreeding season of 2020 and 2021,we sampled 585 MSFs on 14 transects in 2 habitats of Tongbiguang Nature Reserve in western Yunnan Province,China.We performed social network analysis and the Multiple Regression Quadratic Assignment Procedure to evaluate the effect of 4 species traits(body size,overall plumage color,distinctive plumage patterns,and diet)and evolutionary history on species association strength at the whole-MSF and within-MSF levels.All 41 significant relationships showed that species with stronger associations were more similar in their various traits.Body size had the strongest effect on association strength,followed by phylogeny,plumage patterns,and plumage color;diet had the weakest effect.Our results are consistent with the hypotheses that the benefits of associating with phenotypically similar species outweigh the potential costs of interspecific competition,and that trait matching can occur in plumage characteristics,albeit more weakly than in other traits.Several explanations exist as to why similarities in plumage may occur in MSFs,including that they could reduce predators'ability to target phenotypically"odd"individuals.Whether trait matching in plumage occurs through assortative processes in ecological time or is influenced by co-evolution requires furtherstudy.