Performance Analysis of Magnetic Nanoparticles during Targeted Drug Delivery:Application of OHAM

In recent years,the emergence of nanotechnology experienced incredible development in the field of medical sciences.During the past decade,investigating the characteristics of nanoparticles during fluid flow has been one of the intriguing issues.Nanoparticle distribution and uniformity have emerged as substantial criteria in both medical and engineering applications.Adverse effects of chemotherapy on healthy tissues are known to be a significant concern during cancer therapy.A novel treatment method of magnetic drug targeting(MDT)has emerged as a promising topical cancer treatment along with some attractive advantages of improving efficacy,fewer side effects,and reduce drug dose.During magnetic drug targeting,the appropriate movement of nanoparticles(magnetic)as carriers is essential for the therapeutic process in the blood clot removal,infection treatment,and tumor cell treatment.In this study,we have numerically investigated the behavior of an unsteady blood flowinfused with magnetic nanoparticles during MDT under the influence of a uniform external magnetic field in a microtube.An optimal homotopy asymptotic method(OHAM)is employed to compute the governing equation for unsteady electromagnetohydrodynamics flow.The influence of Hartmann number(Ha),particle mass parameter(G),particle concentration parameter(R),and electro-osmotic parameter(k)is investigated on the velocity of magnetic nanoparticles and blood flow.Results obtained show that the electro-osmotic parameter,along with Hartmann’s number,dramatically affects the velocity of magnetic nanoparticles,blood flow velocity,and flow rate.Moreover,results also reveal that at a higher Hartman number,homogeneity in nanoparticles distribution improved considerably.The particle concentration andmass parameters effectively influence the capturing effect on nanoparticles in the blood flow using a micro-tube for magnetic drug targeting.Lastly,investigation also indicates that the OHAM analysis is efficient and quick to handle the system of nonlinear equations.

Thin-film encapsulation for top-emitting organic light-emitting diode with inverted structure

We theoretically study the light outcoupling efficiency of top-emitting organic light-emitting diode(OLED) with inverted structure and thin-film encapsulation.Thin-film optics is used to optimize the layer thickness to obtain high transmittance.Dipole mode is used to analyze the light outcoupling efficiency of the top-emitting OLED.Through this process,we can optimize the thin-film thickness with high transmittance and optimize the outcoupling efficiency of OLED.Compared with previous research,the current design method is a novel process.

Realization of high-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes using multi-emissive layers

High-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs) are developed.A concept of using multiple-emissive layer(EML) configuration is adopted.In this letter,bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4-(phenylphenolato)Al(BAlq) and 9,10-di(naphtha-2-yl)anthracene(ADN),which serve n- and p-type EMLs,respectively,are used to evaluate and demonstrate the multi-EML concept for blue OLEDs.The thickness effect of individual EMLs and the number of EMLs,e.g.,triple and quadruple EML components,on the power efficiency of blue OLEDs are systematically investigated.To illustrate the point,the total thickness of the emissive region in different blue OLEDs are kept contact at 30 nm for comparison.The power efficiency of blue OLEDs with a quadruple EML structure of BAlq/ADN/BAlq/ADN is about 40% higher than that of blue OLEDs having a single EML unit.The Commission Internationale deL'eclairage color coordinates of multi-EML OLEDs have values that represent the average of blue emissions from individual EMLs of BAlq and ADN.

Efficiency enhancement of fluorescent blue organic light-emitting diodes using doped hole transport and emissive layers

The electroluminescent characteristics of blue organic light-emitting diodes(BOLEDs) fabricated with doped charge carrier transport layers are analyzed. The fluorescent blue dopant BCzVBi is doped in an emissive layer,hole transport layer(HTL) and electron transport layer(ETL), respectively, to optimize the probability of exciton generation in the BOLEDs. The luminance and luminous efficiency of BOLEDs made with BCzVBi-doped HTL and ETL increase by 22% and 17% from 11,683 cd/m2 at 8.5 V and 6.08 cd/A at 4.0 V to 14, 264 cd/m2 at8.5 V and 7.13 cd/A at 4.0 V while CIE coordinates of(0.15, 0.15) of both types of BOLEDs remained unchanged. The electron mobility of BCzVBi is estimated to be 1.02 x 10_o cm2/Vs by TOF.

Highly efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes using various hole and electron confinement layers

In this Letter, blue phosphorescence organic light-emitting diodes(PHOLEDs) employ structures for electron and/or hole confinement; 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimiazole-2-yl)benzene is used as a hole confinement layer and tris-(phenylpyrazole)iridium [IreppzT3] is utilized for an electron confinement layer(ECL). The electrical and optical properties of the fabricated blue PHOLEDs with various carrier-confinement structures are analyzed.Structures with a large energy offset between the carrier confinement and emitting layers enhance the charge-carrier balance in the emitting region, resulting from the effective carrier confinement. The maximum external quantum efficiency of the blue PHOLEDs with the double-ECLs is 24.02% at 1500 cd∕m2and its luminous efficiency is 43.76 cd∕A, which is 70.47% improved compared to the device without a carrier-confinement layer.

White phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using double emissive layer with three dopants for color stability

We fabricate white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes(PHOLEDs) with three dopants and double emissive layer(EML) to achieve color stability. The white PHOLEDs use FIrpic dopant for blue EML(BEML),and Ir(ppy)3:Ir(piq)3 dopants for green:red EML(GR-EML) with N,N ′-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene(mCP) as host material. Thicknesses of B-EML and GR-EML are adjusted to form a narrow recombination zone at two EML's interface and charge trapping happens in EML according to wide highest occupied molecular orbital and/or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy band gap of mCP and smaller energy band gap of dopants. The total thickness of both EMLs is fixed at 30 nm in the device structure of ITO(150 nm)/MoO3(2 nm)/N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(l-naphthyl-phenyl)-(l,l′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine(70 nm)/mCP:Firpic-8.0%(12 nm)/mCP:Ir(ppy)3-3.0%:Ir(piq)3-1.5%(18 nm)/2′,2′,2′′-(1,3,5-benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole)(30 nm)/8-hydroxyquinolinolato-lithium(2 nm)/Al(120 nm). White PHOLED shows 18.25 cd/A of luminous efficiency and white color coordinates of(0.358 and 0.378) at 5000 cd/m2 and color stability with slight CIEXY change of(0.028 and 0.002) as increasing luminance from 1000 to 5000 cd/m2.

Effect of various red phosphorescent dopants in single emissive white phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices

In order to realize single emissive white phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices(PHOLEDs) with three color phosphorescent dopants(red, green, and blue), the energy transfer between the host material and the three dopants, as well as the among the three dopants themselves, should be considered and optimized. To explore the effect of red phosphorescent dopant on the color rendering index(CRI), the authors investigate the wavelength position of the maximum emission peak from three phosphorescent dopants. The CRI and luminous efficiency of white PHOLED in which Ir(pq)_2(αcαc) acts as the red phosphorescent dopant are found to be greater than those of devices prepared using Ir(pig)_3 and Ir(pq)_2(αcαc) as the emission spectrum has a relatively high intensity near the human perception of blue, red, and green wavelengths. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the performance of the three dopants is related to the absorption characteristics of the red phosphorescent dopant.With a maximum emission peak at 600 nm, Ir(pq)_2(αcαc) has a higher intensity in the concave section between 550 and 600 nm seen for red and blue dopants. In addition, the long metal-to-ligand charge transfer(MLCT)absorption tail of Ir(pq)_2(αcαc) overlaps with the emission spectra of the green dopant, enhancing emission. Such energy transfer mechanisms are confirmed to optimize white emission in the single emissive white PHOLEDs.