MF2-DMTD: A Formalism and Game-Based Reasoning Framework for Optimized Drone-Type Moving Target Defense

Moving-target-defense(MTD)fundamentally avoids an illegal initial compromise by asymmetrically increasing the uncertainty as the attack surface of the observable defender changes depending on spatial-temporal mutations.However,the existing naive MTD studies were conducted focusing only on wired network mutations.And these cases have also been no formal research on wireless aircraft domains with attributes that are extremely unfavorable to embedded system operations,such as hostility,mobility,and dependency.Therefore,to solve these conceptual limitations,this study proposes normalized drone-type MTD that maximizes defender superiority by mutating the unique fingerprints of wireless drones and that optimizes the period-based mutation principle to adaptively secure the sustainability of drone operations.In addition,this study also specifies MF2-DMTD(model-checkingbased formal framework for drone-type MTD),a formal framework that adopts model-checking and zero-sum game,for attack-defense simulation and performance evaluation of drone-type MTD.Subsequently,by applying the proposed models,the optimization of deceptive defense performance of drone-type MTD for each mutation period also additionally achieves through mixed-integer quadratic constrained programming(MIQCP)and multiobjective optimization-based Pareto frontier.As a result,the optimal mutation cycles in drone-type MTD were derived as(65,120,85)for each control-mobility,telecommunication,and payload component configured inside the drone.And the optimal MTD cycles for each swarming cluster,ground control station(GCS),and zone service provider(ZSP)deployed outside the drone were also additionally calculated as(70,60,85),respectively.To the best of these authors’knowledge,this study is the first to calculate the deceptive efficiency and functional continuity of the MTD against drones and to normalize the trade-off according to a sensitivity analysis with the optimum.

Massively parallel electro-optic sampling of space-encoded optical pulses for ultrafast multi-dimensional imaging

High-speed and high-resolution imaging of surface profiles is critical for the investigation of various structures and mechanical dynamics of micro-and nano-scale devices.In particular,recent emergence of various nonlinear,transient and complex mechanical dynamics,such as anharmonic vibrations in mechanical resonators,has necessitated real-time surface deformation imaging with higher axial and lateral resolutions,speed,and dynamic range.However,real-time capturing of fast and complex mechanical dynamics has been challenging,and direct time-domain imaging of displacements and mechanical motions has been a missing element in studying full-field structural and dynamic behaviours.Here,by exploiting the electro-optic sampling with a frequency comb,we demonstrate a line-scan time-of-flight(TOF)camera that can simultaneously measure the TOF changes of more than 1000 spatial coordinates with hundreds megapixels/s pixel-rate and sub-nanometre axial resolution over several millimetres field-of-view.This unique combination of performances enables fast and precise imaging of both complex structures and dynamics in three-dimensional devices and mechanical resonators.

Path to the fabrication of efficient, stable and commercially viable large-area organic solar cells

Organic solar cells(OSCs)have reached an outstanding certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of over 19%in single junction and 20%in tandem architecture design.Such high PCEs have emerged with outstanding Y-shaped Y6 non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs),together with PM6 electron donor polymers.PCEs are on the rise for small-area OSCs.However,large-area OSC sub-modules are still unable to achieve such high PCEs,and the highest certified PCE reported so far is∼12%having an area of 58 cm2.To fabricate efficient large-area OSCs,new custom-designed NFAs for large-area systems are imminent along with improvements in the sub-module fabrication platforms.Moreover,the search for stable yet efficient OSCs is still in progress.In this review,progress in small-area OSCs is presented with reference to the advancement in the chemical structure of NFAs and donor polymers.Finally,the life-cycle assessment of OSCs is presented and the energy payback time of the efficient and stable OSCs is discussed and lastly,an outlook for the OSCs is given.