Development and application of multi-field coupled high-pressure triaxial apparatus for soil

The increasing severity of ground subsidence,ground fissure and other disasters caused by the excessive exploitation of deep underground resources has highlighted the pressing need for effective management.A significant contributing factor to the challenges faced is the inadequacy of existing soil mechanics experimental instruments in providing effective indicators,creating a bottleneck in comprehensively understanding the mechanisms of land subsidence.It is urgent to develop a multi-field and multi-functional soil mechanics experimental system to address this issue.Based soil mechanics theories,the existing manufacturing capabilities of triaxial apparatus and the practical demands of the test system,a set of multi-field coupled high-pressure triaxial system is developed tailored for testing deep soils(at depths of approximately 3000 m)and soft rock.This system incorporates specialized design elements such as high-pressure chamber and horizontal deformation testing devices.In addition to the conventional triaxial tester functions,its distinctive feature encompass a horizontal deformation tracking measuring device,a water release testing device and temperature control device for the sample.This ensemble facilitates testing of horizontal and vertical deformation water release and other parameters of samples under a specified stress conditions,at constant or varying temperature ranging from-40℃–90℃.The accuracy of the tested parameters meets the requirements of relevant current specifications.The test system not only provides scientifically robust data for revealing the deformation and failure mechanism of soil subjected to extreme temperature,but also offers critical data support for major engineering projects,deep exploration and mitigation efforts related to soil deformation-induced disaster.

Long-term thinning decreases the contribution of heterotrophic respiration to soil respiration in subalpine plantations

Interest in the dynamics of soil respiration(R_(S))in subalpine forest ecosystems is increasing due to their high soil carbon density and potential sensitivity to environmental changes.However,as a principal silvicultural practice,the long-term impacts of thinning on R_(S) and its heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration components(R_(h) and Ra,respectively)in subalpine plantations are poorly understood,espe-cially in winter.A 3-year field observation was carried out with consideration of winter CO_(2) efflux in middle-aged sub-alpine spruce plantations in northwestern China.A trench-ing method was used to explore the long-term impacts of thinning on Rs,Rn and R_(a).Seventeen years after thinning,mean annual Rs,Rn and R_(a) increased,while the contribu-tion of R_(h) to R_(s) decreased with thinning intensity.Thinning significantly decreased winter R,because of the reduction in R_(n) but had no significant effect on Ra.The temperature sensitivity(Q_(10))of R_(h) and R_(a) also increased with thinning intensity,with lower Q_(10) values for R_(h)(2.1-2.6)than for Ra(2.4-2.8).The results revealed the explanatory variables and pathways related to R_(n) and R_(a) dynamics.Thinning increased soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N),and the enhanced nitrogen and water availability promoted R_(h) and R_(a) by improving fine root biomass and microbial activity.Our results highlight the positive roles of NO_(3)^(-)-N in stimulating R_(s) components following long-term thinning.Therefore,applications of nitrogen fertilizer are not recommended while thinning subalpine spruce plantations from the perspective of reducing soil CO_(2) emissions.The increased Q_(10) values of R_(s) components indicate that a large increase in soil CO_(2) emissions would be expected following thinning because of more pronounced climate warming in alpineregions.

Chemical Scissors Tailored Nano‑Tellurium with High‑Entropy Morphology for Efficient Foam‑Hydrogel‑Based Solar Photothermal Evaporators

The development of tellurium(Te)-based semiconductor nanomaterials for efficient light-to-heat conversion may offer an effective means of harvesting sunlight to address global energy concerns.However,the nanosized Te(nano-Te)materials reported to date suffer from a series of drawbacks,including limited light absorption and a lack of surface structures.Herein,we report the preparation of nano-Te by electrochemical exfoliation using an electrolyzable room-temperature ionic liquid.Anions,cations,and their corresponding electrolytic products acting as chemical scissors can precisely intercalate and functionalize bulk Te.The resulting nano-Te has high morphological entropy,rich surface functional groups,and broad light absorption.We also constructed foam hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/nano-Te,which achieved an evaporation rate and energy efficiency of 4.11 kg m^(−2)h^(−1)and 128%,respectively,under 1 sun irradiation.Furthermore,the evaporation rate was maintained in the range 2.5-3.0 kg m^(−2)h^(−1)outdoors under 0.5-1.0 sun,providing highly efficient evaporation under low light conditions.

Effect of dielectric material on the uniformity of nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge

Dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)is considered as a promising technique to produce large volume uniform plasma at atmospheric pressure,and the dielectric barrier layer between the electrodes plays a key role in the DBD processes and enhancing discharge uniformity.In this work,the uniformity and discharge characteristics of the nanosecond(ns)pulsed DBD with dielectric barrier layers made of alumina,quartz glass,polycarbonate(PC),and polypropylene(PP)are investigated via discharge image observation,voltage-current waveform measurement and optical emission spectral diagnosis.Through analyzing discharge image by gray value standard deviation method,the discharge uniformity is quantitatively calculated.The effects of the space electric field intensity,the electron density(Ne),and the space reactive species on the uniformity are studied with quantifying the gap voltage Ug and the discharge current Ig,analyzing the recorded optical emission spectra,and simulating the temporal distribution of Ne with a one-dimensional fluid model.It is found that as the relative permittivity of the dielectric materials increases,the space electric field intensity is enhanced,which results in a higher Ne and electron temperature(Te).Therefore,an appropriate value of space electric field intensity can promote electron avalanches,resulting in uniform and stable plasma by the merging of electron avalanches.However,an excessive value of space electric field intensity leads to the aggregation of space charges and the distortion of the space electric field,which reduce the discharge uniformity.The surface roughness and the surface charge decay are measured to explain the influences of the surface properties and the second electron emission on the discharge uniformity.The results in this work give a comprehensive understanding of the effect of the dielectric materials on the DBD uniformity,and contribute to the selection of dielectric materials for DBD reactor and the realization of atmospheric pressure uniform,stable,and reactive plasma sources.

住院患者对病房环境的评价及其影响因素

目的分析住院患者对病房整洁和安静情况评价的影响因素,为相关管理政策提供依据和建议。方法 2014年7月至2015年5月,分层整群抽样法选取全国77所医院的8238例住院患者为研究对象。采用人口学特征调查表、医院组织相关因素调查表、住院患者对病房环境评价调查表、欧洲五维健康量表、中文版压力知觉量表等工具对其进行调查。结果患者对病房安静程度评价"较好/很好"的比例为57.2%,对病房整洁程度评价"较好/很好"的比例为68.8%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,组织相关因素(医院级别、性质)、个人相关因素(患者的年龄、婚姻状况和最近3年住院次数)对病房整洁程度评价的影响均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);个人相关因素(患者的文化程度、自感压力、焦虑/抑郁状况)对病房安静程度评价的影响均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论病房整洁程度可能更多地受组织相关因素的影响,病房安静程度则更多地受个人相关因素的影响。

内科住院患者生活质量的现况调查及病房管理相关因素对其的影响研究

目的了解内科住院患者生活质量的现况及病房管理相关因素对其的影响,为相关政策的制定提供依据和建议。方法 2014年7月—2015年4月,采用分层整群抽样方法抽取全国7个省/直辖市的77家综合医院的4 130例内科住院患者进行调查研究。调查问卷为自行设计,主要包括基础问卷(人口学特征、健康相关行为和家庭因素、病房管理相关因素)和欧洲五维度健康量表(EQ-5D,包括移动性、自我照顾、日常活动、疼痛/不适、焦虑/抑郁5个维度),以EQ-5D评价患者的生活质量。分析内科住院患者的生活质量及病房管理相关因素对其的影响。结果在内科住院患者EQ-5D的5个维度中,"有点困难/很困难"所占比例由高到低分别是焦虑/抑郁(61.6%)、疼痛/不适(56.7%)、日常活动(43.7%)、移动性(32.5%)和自我照顾(28.0%)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,配偶的支持/帮助是内科住院患者移动性、日常活动、焦虑/抑郁的影响因素(P<0.05);父母的支持/帮助是内科住院患者疼痛/不适的影响因素(P<0.05);子女的支持/帮助是内科住院患者日常活动的影响因素(P<0.05);兄弟姐妹的支持/帮助是内科住院患者自我照顾、日常活动的影响因素(P<0.05);病房整洁程度是内科住院患者移动性、自我照顾、日常活动、疼痛/不适的影响因素(P<0.05);来病房看望的家人/亲戚人数是内科住院患者移动性、自我照顾、日常活动、焦虑/抑郁的影响因素(P<0.05);来病房看望的同事/朋友人数是内科住院患者自我照顾、日常活动的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论内科住院患者生活质量中最严重的问题是焦虑/抑郁。从医院管理角度来看,改善内科住院患者生活质量应重视病房的整洁,并适当减少来病房看望的家人/亲戚、朋友/同事人数。

Condition-based Maintenance Optimization for Gamma Deteriorating Systems under Performance-based Contracting

With the further development of service-oriented,performance-based contracting(PBC)has been widely adopted in industry and manufacturing.However,maintenance optimization problems under PBC have not received enough attention.To further extend the scope of PBC’s application in the field of maintenance optimization,we investigate the condition-based maintenance(CBM)optimization for gamma deteriorating systems under PBC.Considering the repairable single-component system subject to the gamma degradation process,this paper proposes a CBM optimization model to maximize the profit and improve system performance at a relatively low cost under PBC.In the proposed CBM model,the first inspection interval has been considered in order to reduce the inspection frequency and the cost rate.Then,a particle swarm algorithm(PSO)and related solution procedure are presented to solve the multiple decision variables in our proposed model.In the end,a numerical example is provided so as to demonstrate the superiority of the presented model.By comparing the proposed policy with the conventional ones,the superiority of our proposed policy is proved,which can bring more profits to providers and improve performance.Sensitivity analysis is conducted in order to research the effect of corrective maintenance cost and time required for corrective maintenance on optimization policy.A comparative study is given to illustrate the necessity of distinguishing the first inspection interval or not.

High throughput N-modular redundancy for error correction design of memristive stateful logic

Memristive stateful logic is one of the most promising candidates to implement an in-memory computing system that computes within the storage unit.It can eliminate the costs for the data movement in the traditional von Neumann system.However,the instability in the memristors is inevitable due to the limitation of the current fabrication technology,which incurs a great challenge for the reliability of the memristive stateful logic.In this paper,the implication of device instability on the reliability of the logic event is simulated.The mathematical relationship between logic reliability and redundancy has been deduced.By combining the mathematical relationship with the vector-matrix multiplication in a memristive crossbar array,the logic error correction scheme with high throughput has been proposed.Moreover,a universal design paradigm has been put forward for complex logic.And the circuit schematic and the flow of the scheme have been raised.Finally,a 1-bit full adder(FA)based on the NOR logic and NOT logic is simulated and the mathematical evaluation is performed.It demonstrates the scheme can improve the reliability of the logic significantly.And compared with other four error corrections,the scheme which can be suitable for all kinds of R–R logics and V–R logics has the best universality and throughput.Compared with the other two approaches which also need additional complementary metal–oxide semiconductor(CMOS)circuits,it needs fewer transistors and cycles for the error correction.

Wet flashover voltage improvement of the ceramics with dielectric barrier discharge

Surface modification techniques with plasma are widely investigated to improve the surface insulation capability of polymers under dry conditions,while the relationship between treatment method,surface physical and chemical properties,and wet flashover voltage is still unclear for inorganic ceramics.In this work,the surface insulation properties of ceramics under wet conditions are improved using nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)as the precursor.The relationships between PDMS concentration and the water contact angle,dry and wet flashover voltages are obtained to acquire the optimal concentration.The surface charge dissipation test and surface physio-chemical property measurement with SEM,AFM,XPS are carried out to further explore the mechanism of surface insulation enhancement.The results show that film deposition with micron thickness and superhydrophobicity occurs at the PDMS concentration of 1.5%.The dry flashover voltage is increased by 14.6%due to the induction of deep traps,while the wet flashover voltage is increased by 66.7%.The gap between dry-wet flashover voltage is decreased by 62.3%compared with the untreated one due to the self-cleaning effect.

Influence of misting system on the thermal environment and thermal comfort of seated people in semi-outdoor space in Xi’an,China

In summer,factors such as solar radiation could make semi-outdoor spaces uncomfortable,and the use of misting systems for evaporative cooling is a low-energy improvement measure.To investigate the impact of misting system on the thermal environment and thermal comfort of seated people improvement,a field study was conducted at a semi-outdoor cafeteria in Xi’an.The results indicated that the misting system was capable of reducing the ambient air temperature by 2.4-4.9℃and increasing the relative humidity by 17.1%-17.8%.Participants in misting condition reported lower thermal sensation and higher thermal acceptability,thermal preference,humidity sensation,humidity preference and humidity acceptability.In no misting condition,the upper SET*limit acceptable to 80%of the population was 28.5℃.However,in the misting condition,the acceptable percentage of participants in each SET)interval was more than 90%.When SET)was 22.1-23.7℃,the improvement in human thermal comfort through misting system was not significant.When SET)was 23.7-28.5℃,the misting system significantly improve human thermal comfort.Finally,two control temperature thresholds of the misting system were provided according to the relationship between 80%,the maximum(89.3%)acceptable percentage and the air temperature,which were 30.1℃and 26.5℃,respectively.

患者对健康危险因素的总体感知及其影响因素:一个全国样本的分析

目的:了解患者对健康危险因素的总体感知及其影响因素。方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法,并根据WHO健康社会决定因素框架,从结构因素和调节因素的角度来分析对其的影响。结果:调查对象感知的_(源自生活)的健康相关危险因素危害"较大/很大"所占比例(27.1%)高于_(源自工作)的相应比例(21.7%)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,结构因素中有显著性意义的主要是文化程度和经济状况,小学及以下文化程度的调查对象感知到的危险因素的危害更小(OR_(源自生活)=0.64,95%CI:0.54-0.76;OR_(源自工作)=0.75,95%CI:0.63-0.89);经济状况较差/很差的患者其危险因素的危害感知更大(OR_(源自生活)=1.54,95%CI:1.31-1.81;OR_(源自工作)=1.72,95%CI:1.47-2.01);调节因素对两个来源的危险因素的影响没有显著性意义。结论:_(源自生活)的健康危险因素控制可能需要借鉴_(源自工作)的健康危险因素控制的相关措施(即政策法规及相应的组织机构),结构因素和调节因素的影响则揭示健康危险因素的控制可能更需要依靠社会经济发展。

患者遵守医院秩序的责任意识及其影响因素

目的:从实证的角度分析住院患者的就医责任意识及其影响因素,以期为相关的管理政策提供依据和建议。方法:采用横断面设计,样本来自全国7个省/直辖市的64家三级综合医院的住院患者(n=7225),自变量是对医护人员的尊重与信任、最近三年住院次数及家属中从事医护工作的人数等,控制变量为社会人口学指标。结果:总体上,调查对象报告的对医院秩序的责任意识"不知道、无、很小、较小"的占20. 77%;多因素分析结果显示:对病人遵循医院秩序的责任意识具有正向影响的是对医护人员的尊重与信任,有负向影响的是家属中从事医护人员的人数较多和最近三年住院次数较多。结论:患者重视其权利的同时,不应该忽视其相应的责任。尊重与信任医护人员对患者就医责任意识的影响提示卫生专业技术人员个人行为的作用及医院相关管理政策的重点对象。病人的住院次数及其家属中从事医护工作的人数对其责任意识的影响则提示病人教育的必要性。

Ulinastatin for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety of ulinastatin for patients with acute lung injury(ALI) and those with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of ulinastatin for ALI/ARDS was conducted. Oxygenation index, mortality rate [intensive care unit(ICU) mortality rate, 28-d mortality rate] and length of ICU stay were compared between ulinastatin group and conventional therapy group. Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.1.RESULTS: Twenty-nine RCTs with 1726 participants were totally included, the basic conditions of which were similar. No studies discussed adverse effect. Oxygenation index was reported in twenty-six studies(1552 patients). Ulinastatin had a significant effect in improving oxygenation [standard mean difference(SMD) = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.42-2.29, P < 0.00001, I2 = 92%]. ICUmortality and 28-d mortality were respectively reported in eighteen studies(987 patients) and three studies(196 patients). We found that ulinastatin significantly decreased the ICU mortality [I2 = 0%, RR = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.38-0.59, number needed to treat(NNT) = 5.06, P < 0.00001], while the 28-d mortality was not significantly affected(I2 = 0%, RR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.51-1.19, NNT = 12.66, P = 0.24). The length of ICU stay(six studies, 364 patients) in the ulinastatin group was significantly lower than that in the control group(SMD =-0.97, 95%CI:-1.20--0.75, P < 0.00001, I2 = 86%). CONCLUSION: Ulinastatin seems to be effective for ALI and ARDS though most trials included were of poor quality and no information on safety was provided.

Overview on hydrothermal and hot dry rock researches in China

Geothermal energy is a precious resource,which is widely distributed,varied,and abundant.China has entered a period of rapid development of geothermal energy since 2010.As shallow geothermal energy promoting,the depth of hydrothermal geothermal exploration is increasing.The quality of Hot Dry Rock (HDR)and related exploratory technologies are better developed and utilized.On the basis of geothermal development,this paper reviews the geothermal progress during the "12th Five-Year Plan",and summarizes the achievements of hydrothermal geothermal and hot dry rocks from geothermal survey and evaluation aspects.Finally,the authors predict the development trend of the future geothermal research to benefit geothermal and hot dry rock research.

Silence of STIM1 attenua=tes the proliferation and migration of EPCs after vascular injury and its mechanism

Objective:To investigate the effect of stromal interaction molecule 1（STIM1） knockdown on the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells（EPCs） after vascular injury and its mechanism.Methods:The rat bone marrow derived EPCs were divided into three groups:adenovirus negative control（group NSC）,rat STIM1 adenovirus vector transfection group（group si/rSTIM1） and rat &human recombinant STIM1 adenovirus transfection group（group si/rSTlM1+hSTIM1）.The STIM1 expressions in each group were detected by reverse transcription PCR after transfection;the cell proliferation was tested by[3H]thymidine incorporation assay（3HTdR）;Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry;the cells’ migration activity was detected by Boyden assay;Calcium ion concentration was detected by using laser confocal method.Results:48 h later after transfection,the expression level of STIM1 in si/rSTIM1 cells was significantly lower than that in NSC group（0.21±0.12 vs 1.01±0.01,P【0.05）;EPCs that stayed in G1 phase in si/rSTIM1 group[（93.3l±0.24）%]were significantly more than that in NSC group[（78.03±0.34）%,P【0.05];EPCs’ migration activity in si/rSTIM1 group（10.03±0.33） was significantly lower than that in NSC group:（32.11±0.54,P【0.05）;EPCs calcium ion concentration changes in EPCs in si/rSTIM1group（38.03±0.13） was significantly lower than that in NSC group（98.11±0.34,P【0.05）.While there was no significant difference between si/rSTIM1+hSTIM1 group and NSC group on the four indexes above.Conclusions:Silence of STIM1 attenuates EPCs proliferation and migration after vascular injury,by mediating the calcium ion concentration in EPCs.

A new analytical model for the low-velocity perforation of thin steel plates by hemispherical-nosed projectiles

Ballistic experiments were conducted on thin steel plates that are normally impacted by hemisphericalnosed projectiles at velocities higher than their ballistic limits. The deformation and failure modes of the thin steel plates were analyzed. A new method was proposed according to the experimental results and the perforation phenomenon of the thin steel plates to determine the radius of the bulging region. In establishing this new method, a dynamic method combined with the plastic wave propagation concept based on the rigid plastic assumption was adopted. The whole perforation process was divided into four consecutive stages, namely, bulging deformation, dishing deformation, ductile hole enlargement, and projectile exit. On the basis of the energy conservation principle, a new model was developed to predict the residual velocities of hemispherical-nosed projectiles that perforate thin steel plates at low velocities.The results obtained from the theoretical calculations by the present model were compared with the experimental results. Theoretical predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results in terms of both the radius of the bulging region and the residual velocity of the projectile when the strain rate effects of the target material during each stage were considered.

A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO2 efflux

Soil CO2 efflux,the second largest flux in a forest carbon budget,plays an important role in global carbon cycling.Forest logging is expected to have large effects on soil CO2 efflux and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.However,a comprehensive understanding of soil CO2 efflux dynamics in response to forest logging remains elusive due to large variability in results obtained across individual studies.Here,we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the results of 77 individual field studies to determine the impacts of forest logging on soil CO2 efflux.Our results reveal that forest logging significantly stimulated soil CO2 efflux of the growing season by 5.02%.However,averaged across all studies,nonsignificant effect was detected following forest logging.The large variation among forest logging impacts was best explained by forest type,logging type,and time since logging.Soil CO2 efflux in coniferous forests exhibited a significant increase(4.38%)due to forest logging,while mixed and hardwood forests showed no significant change.Logging type also had a significant effect on soil CO2 efflux,with thinning increasing soil CO2 efflux by 12.05%,while clear-cutting decreasing soil CO2 efflux by 8.63%.The time since logging also had variable effects,with higher soil CO2 efflux for 2 years after logging,and lower for 3-6 years after logging;when exceeded 6 years,soil CO2 efflux increased.As significantly negative impacts of forest logging were detected on fine root biomass,the general positive effects on soil CO2 efflux can be explained by the accelerated decomposition of organic matter as a result of elevated soil temperature and organic substrate quality.Our results demonstrate that forest logging had potentially negative effects on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.

Memristor-based vector neural network architecture

Vector neural network(VNN)is one of the most important methods to process interval data.However,the VNN,which contains a great number of multiply-accumulate(MAC)operations,often adopts pure numerical calculation method,and thus is difficult to be miniaturized for the embedded applications.In this paper,we propose a memristor based vector-type backpropagation(MVTBP)architecture which utilizes memristive arrays to accelerate the MAC operations of interval data.Owing to the unique brain-like synaptic characteristics of memristive devices,e.g.,small size,low power consumption,and high integration density,the proposed architecture can be implemented with low area and power consumption cost and easily applied to embedded systems.The simulation results indicate that the proposed architecture has better identification performance and noise tolerance.When the device precision is 6 bits and the error deviation level(EDL)is 20%,the proposed architecture can achieve an identification rate,which is about 92%higher than that for interval-value testing sample and 81%higher than that for scalar-value testing sample.

喷雾干燥对固体饮料制备的影响

随着现代工业的不断发展,很多食品生产的操作已经工业化。其中,干燥作为一个单元操作,在食品工业化不断发展情况下显得尤为重要。对相关学者的研究成果进行比较发现,喷雾干燥过程中的进料量、热风进塔温度、热风离塔温度、塔内温度、有无助干剂对固体饮料的制备有着很大的影响。进料量过大导致产品水分蒸发不完全,得粉率低;进料量较低,得到的粉末较细腻。当热风进塔温度和热风离塔温度过低,水分蒸发不完全,得粉率低;热风进塔温度过高会产生煳味,热风离塔温度低,得粉率低。助干剂用量过高影响出粉率和口感,过低导致不出粉。

Processes of runoff in seasonally-frozen ground about a forested catchment of semiarid mountains

Climate warming increases the variability in runoff of semiarid mountains where seasonally-frozen ground is widely distributed.However,what is not well understood are the processes of runoff,hydrological drivers,and freeze-thaw cycles in seasonally-frozen ground in semiarid mountains.To understand how freeze-thaw cycles affect runoff processes in seasonally-frozen ground,we monitored hydrological processes in a typical headwater catchment with seasonally-frozen ground in Qilian Mountain,China,from 2002 to 2017.We analyzed the responses of runoff to temperature,precipitation,and seasonally-frozen ground to quantify process characteristics and driving factors.The results show that annual runoff was 88.5 mm accounting for 25.6%of rainfall,mainly concentrated in May to October,with baseflow of 36.44 mm.Peak runoff occurred in June,August,and September,i.e.,accounting for spring and summer floods.Runoff during the spring flood was produced by a mix of rainfall,melting snow,and melting seasonally-frozen ground,and had a significant correlation with air temperature.Runoff was mainly due to precipitation accumulation during the summer flood.Air temperature,average soil temperature at 0−50 cm depth,and frozen soil depth variable explained 59.60%of the variation of runoff in the thawing period,while precipitation variable explained 21.9%.Thawing-period runoff and soil temperature had a>0.6 correlation coefficient(P<0.05).In the rainfall-period,runoff was also affected by temperature,soil moisture,and precipitation,which explained 33.6%,34.1%and 18.1%,respectively.Our results show that increasing temperature and precipitation will have an irreversible impact on the hydrological regime in mountainous basins where seasonally-frozen ground is widely distributed.